SQLite format 3@  ¯¯O{tableTopicsTopicsCREATE TABLE 'Topics' (Title NVARCHAR(100), Notes TEXT)ñ$ûöñ—~9¯U00.1 Table of Contents{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}¤UÇ_00 Exegetical Commentary on 123 John{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deftab709{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fprq2\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f2\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f3\fnil\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f4\fnil\fcharset0 Greek;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sa60\qc\lang2058\b\f0\fs48 1, 2, 3 John \par \pard\sb120\sa120\qc\fs36 Comfort and Counsel \line for a Church in Crisis\par \pard\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf2\hb0\fs22\par \pard\qc\par \pard\sb120\sa120\qc\b\fs32 An Exegetical Commentary\line on\line the Letters of John\par \pard\b0\fs24\par \pard\qc\b\fs22 W. Hall Harris III \line\b0\fs20 Professor of New Testament Studies\line Dallas Theological Seminary\fs22\par \fs20 hharris@netbible.com\par \pard\b\fs28\par \pard\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf2\brsp80 \sa120\f1\fs22 About the Author\par \pard\b0\fs24\par \pard\sa120\b\f0\fs20 W. Hall Harris III\b0 is Professor of New Testament Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary, where he has been a member of the faculty since 1978. He regularly teaches courses in intermediate level Greek grammar and syntax, exegetical methods in Paul\rquote s letters and the gospels, master\rquote s and doctoral level courses in the Gospel and Epistles of John, and courses in the use of computer tools and software for biblical exegesis. He is also the Project Director and General Editor for \scaps The NET Bible, \scaps0 the online translation available at {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "www.bible.org"}}{\fldrslt{\ul\cf1 www.bible.org}}}\f0\fs20 and {\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "www.netbible.com"}}{\fldrslt{\ul\cf1 www.netbible.com}}}\f0\fs20 . Dr. Harris holds the Th.M. degree from Dallas Theological Seminary and the Ph.D. from the University of Sheffield (UK). His other publications include \i The Descent of Christ: Ephesians 4:7-11 and Traditional Hebrew Imagery\i0 , AGJU 32 (Leiden: Brill, 1996).\f1\par \pard\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf2\brsp60 \qc\fs22\par \pard\qc\b\scaps\f0\fs18 Trademark and Copyright Information\f1\par \b0\f0 Copyright \'a9 2003 by Biblical Studies Press, L.L.C. and the author. All rights reserved. For free usage information, please read the BSF Website Copyright Statement for fair use statements.\f1\par \scaps0\f0\fs24 S\scaps\fs18 cripture Quotations, unless otherwise noted, are taken from \line The NET Bible\scaps0\up2\'ae\scaps\up0 , New English Translation, \line Copyright \'a9 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 by Biblical Studies Press, L.L.C.\scaps0\f1\fs24\par \b\scaps\f0\fs18 Electronic Access to this Material\f1\par \lang1033\b0\f0 This work is available for use on the internet via an agreement with \line the Biblical Studies Foundation, a non-profit foundation at:\line\fs24{\field{\*\fldinst{HYPERLINK "www.bible.org"}}{\fldrslt{\ul\cf1 www.bible.org}}}\lang2058\scaps0\f1\fs24\par \scaps\f0\fs18 Works copyrighted by individual authors and the Biblical Studies Press are not shareware or public domain and may not be duplicated without permission.\par \par \pard\b reformatted for e-Sword by David Cox.\par \par Reformatters notes:\b0 It is my desire to keep the e-Sword TOP file in as close similiarity to the original as possible, and in some cases that has been impossible. I have decided to keep the original page numbering which will appear like this (Page - Section title both in Arial bold font):\par \b\f2 16 INTRODUCTION\par \b0\f3 I have also moved the footnotes from the bottom of each \ul\b page\ulnone\b0 to the bottom of the chapter (which is various pages long). I felt like the footnotes and page breaks interrupted the flow too much to follow what the text was saying. Note that in dealing with page breaks, in some cases a paragraph breaks over two pages. When this happens, I have moved the text from the first paragraph of the following page to above the page break so as to keep paragraphs together. \par \par Observations - e-Sword has some problems with Greek. Although it does represent it, it does not handle the overtype necessary for spacing of Greek font. So the breathing and accent marks are going to be correctly placed as overtype characters, but it doesn't eliminate the spaces. So we get the following > \f4\}O hn ajp= ajrch"\f3 < which shows incorrect spacing between the letters everywhere there are breathing marks or accents. Note that the original had the greek font "GREEK", and that should be an accessible font on your installation or you will not be able to see the greek in this document.\f1\par } } {\colortbl ;\red255\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\lang2058\b\f0\fs24 Cont\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts\b0\par \fs20\par \cf1\b 01\cf0 Pr\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 fa\expndtw-2 ce\expndtw0 .......p7\b0\par \cf1\b 02\cf0 A\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 In\expndtw-2 tr\expndtw0 odu\expndtw-2 ct\expndtw0 ion \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o 1, 2, an\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 3 Joh\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ...\expndtw-6 p\expndtw0 9\b0\par \fs18 The Authorship of 1 John.........\expndtw-20 p\expndtw0 9\par \cf1\b\fs22 03\cf0\b0\fs18 Background and \expndtw-3 S\expndtw0 etting of 1 John...p16\par The Author\rquote s Opponents and Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir T\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aching in 1 John.......\expndtw-5 p\expndtw0 23\par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 tructure and \expndtw-3 P\expndtw0 urpose of 1 John.....\expndtw-26 p\expndtw0 31\par \fs14\par \b\fs20 Co\expndtw-2 mm\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ta\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 y on 1 Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 n......\expndtw-18 p\expndtw 0 39\b0\par \fs14\par \cf1\b\fs18 04\cf0\b0 The Prologue to 1 John (1:1-4)......p39\par \cf1\b 05\cf0\b0 1 John 1:5-2:2...p52\par \cf1\b 06\cf0\b0 1 John 2:3-11......p66\par \cf1\b 07\cf0\b0 1 John 2:12-17......\expndtw-15 p\expndtw0 80\par \cf1\b 08\cf0\b0 1 John 2:18-27.\expndtw-15 p\expndtw0 90\par \cf1\b 09\cf0\b0 1 John 2:28-3:10......\expndtw-20 p\expndtw0 107\par \cf1\b 10 \cf0\b0 1 John 3:11-24......\expndtw-15 p\expndtw0 132\par \cf1\b 11\cf0\b0 1 John 4:1-6.......\expndtw-15 p\expndtw0 150\par \cf1\b 12\cf0\b0 1 John 4:7-5:4a......\expndtw-10 p\expndtw0 160\par \cf1\b 13\cf0\b0 1 John 5:4b-12...............\expndtw-15 p\expndtw0 180\par \cf1\b 14\cf0\b0 1 John 5:13-21...............\expndtw-15 p\expndtw0 194\par \b\fs20\par Co\expndtw-2 mm\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ta\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 y on 2 Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 n...........\expndtw-18 p\expndtw0 206\b0\par \fs18 2 John 1-13................\expndtw-10 p\expndtw0 206\par \fs14\par \b\fs20 Co\expndtw-2 mm\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ta\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 y on 3 Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 n...........\expndtw-18 p\expndtw0 221\b0\par \fs14\par \fs18 3 John 1-15................\expndtw-10 p\expndtw0 221\par \fs14\par \b\fs20 Bi\expndtw-3 b\expndtw0 liog\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 ap\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 y of \expndtw-2 M\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 j\expndtw0 or \expndtw-2 C\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 m\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ar\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 es.........p240\b0\par \fs14\par \b\fs20 A\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tio\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 al B\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 bl\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ogra\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 hy...........\expndtw-34 p\expndtw0 242\b0\par \fs14\par \b\fs20 In\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 ex o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Mo\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 n \expndtw-2 A\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ors...........p247\b0\par } terial, however, few portions of the New Testament could rival these three short letters in complexity and difficulty. Indeed, part of the richness of the content of these letters lies in their ambiguity\emdash the reader is permitted to bring to the text his or her own understanding of the concepts discussed, and frequently to find affirmation of his or her own viewpoints. As intriguing\emdash and as subjective\emdash as that may be, the primary goal of the historical, grammatical, literary approach to biblical interpretation\emdash the perspective of this commentary\emdash is to reconstruct the meaning of the author in the original historical context and setting insofar as that is possible given our present state of knowledge.\par The concept of love\emdash both love for God and love for fellow believers\emdash is one of the obvious major themes of these letters, and this emphasis has undoubtedly contributed to their continuing popularity. The letters also bear obvious similiarity to the Gospel of John in terms of theological themes and concepts as well as specific words, and this too has helped to make them long-standing favorites of the Christian community.\par Unfortunately, however, the Letters of John have suffered throughout the history of interpretation by being classified among the so-called \ldblquote catholic\rdblquote or general epistles.\cf1\b [1]\cf0\b0 Since no specific destination is mentioned, the letters were thought to have been addressed to the early church at large. Such an assumption almost invariably colors major aspects of their interpretation, however. Concepts such as love for fellow believers must then be read in a generic sense, reduced almost to a platitude. The reader so inclined might well read through the Johannine correspondence for years without realizing that the original author intended no such generalized meaning for his utterances, but was aiming them at a very specific\emdash and deadly serious\emdash situation confronted by the group of local congregations to w hom he ministered and for which he felt some responsibility for oversight. The issues the author confronted were not pleasant ones\emdash schism and Christological heresy that shook to the roots the very concept of Christian fellowship itself, and a doctrinal controversy that would ultimately raise the question of the very way in which the Spirit was expected to operate in the ongoing life of the church. The answers arrived at by the author (grounded on eyewitness testimony to the person of Christ in the face of doctrinal innovation by his opponents) call the church in every age back to the apostolic testimony about who Christ is. The reassurance the author gave his readers in the face of this opposition serves well to reassure later Christians of the genuineness of their faith and Christian experience. In these senses the Letters of John are truly \ldblquote general epistles\rdblquote\emdash but in so labeling them we must not separate them from the original historical setting in which they were composed.\par Of course, to some extent that historical setting must remain the subject of conjecture, a reconstruction based on hints remaining in the text of the letters themselves.\cf1\b [2]\cf0\b0 No external record of the controversy which shaped their composition has survived. To some students of the New Testament it may seem a completely subjective exercise to engage in a reconstruction of the scenario which produced these letters, but such is not the case. As long as it is based on literary evidence found in the text itself, the resulting reconstruction of events leading up to the production of the letters can give a fairly good, if sometimes general, understanding of the events which produced this vital correspondence.\par In spite of all the mystery surrounding them, these short letters retain their spiritual power today. The issues they address, involving assurance of one\rquote s relationship with God in the face of opposition, the foundational nature of love for fellow believers, and the role of the Holy Spirit in the Christian community, are just as relevant now as when the Letters of John were first written. Christians today are well advised to study them carefully. In that hope, and to aid in that process, the present commentary is written.\par \par \pard\sa480\qr W. Hall Harris III\line October 31, 2002\line Reformation Day\par \pard\cf1\b [1] \cf2\b0 The term \ldblquote catholic\rdblquote in this context simply means \ldblquote universal\rdblquote : the three letters of John do not name any specific congregation, and were therefore regarded as written to the church at large.\par \pard\sa480\cf1\b [2]\cf2\b0 It is for this reason that not all interpreters agree on the historical scenario which gave rise to the Johannine Letters, nor to the role and nature of the author\rquote s opponents. However, an increasing number of New Testament scholars do agree that a Christological controversy lies behind the Epistles and provided the major impetus for the author to write.\par \par \par } jØj—~9¯U00.1 Table of Contents{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}¤UÇ_00 Exegetical Commentary on 123 John{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deftab709{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fprq2\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f2\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f3\fnil\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f4\fnil\fcharset0 Greek;}} {\colortbl ;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sa60\qc\lang2058\b\f0\fs48 1, 2, 3 John \par \pard\sb120\sa120\qc\fs36 Comfort and Counsel \line for a Church in Crisis\par \pard\brdrb\brdrs\brdrw20\brdrcf2\brsp60 \qc\ Íͬ%Ø00.2 Preface{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0\deftab709{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fprq2\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}} {\colortbl ;\red255\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sb400\sa360\qc\lang2058\b\f0\fs24 Preface\par \pard\sa120\b0 The three letters in the New Testament ascribed to the Apostle John have long been recognized for their simple Greek style\emdash so much so that beginning students of Koin\'e9 Greek often do their first translation work in 1 John. When it comes to the meaning of the ma  Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 n\b0\par \pard\qc\b\fs22 T\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw-14 \expndtw-2 A\expndtw0 u\expndtw-3 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ors\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 1 Jo\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 n\b0\par \pard\sl-147\slmult0\par \pard By\expndtw5 \expndtw0 way\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 introduction\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 should\expndtw3 \expndtw0 note\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 problem\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 determining\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 somewhat\expndtw11 \expndtw0 different\expndtw11 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 determin\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 authorship\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 2\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 3\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\- cause\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 case\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 lett\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 anonymous\emdash no\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 specified\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 work\expndtw1 \expndtw0 itself. The only\expndtw5 \expndtw0 other\expndtw5 \expndtw0 New\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw5 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw5 \expndtw0 which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 mak\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw4 \expndtw0 no\expndtw5 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 name\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Hebrews.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 second\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 third\expndtw15 \expndtw0 letters,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 how\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ver,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 designate\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthor\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as\expndtw14 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Elder,\rdblquote\expndtw16 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw14 \expndtw0 it has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 been\expndtw9 \expndtw0 long\expndtw11 \expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 bated\expndtw11 \expndtw0 whether\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw11 \expndtw0 individual\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 identified\expndtw8 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the first letter \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd/or th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Apostle John.\par \par It\expndtw17 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 also\expndtw17 \expndtw0 important\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 rem\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 mber\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 exeg\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sis\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 would\expndtw17 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 be\expndtw17 \expndtw0 greatly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 af\- fected\expndtw12 \expndtw0 by\expndtw12 \expndtw0 our\expndtw13 \expndtw0 conclusions\expndtw13 \expndtw0 concerning\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 wrote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 it.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Yet\expndtw13 \expndtw0 our\expndtw13 \expndtw0 understanding\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 its\expndtw13 \expndtw0 relationship\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 other\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw9 \expndtw0 material\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 New\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw9 \expndtw0 would\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 greatly\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ided\expndtw11 \expndtw0 if\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 could\expndtw9 \expndtw0 arrive\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t some\expndtw19 \expndtw0 determin\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 who\expndtw19 \expndtw0 wrote\expndtw17 \expndtw0 it\expndtw19 \expndtw0 consistent\expndtw17 \expndtw0 with\expndtw19 \expndtw0 both\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 ext\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rnal\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (i.\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 historical)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 evidence and\expndtw7 \expndtw0 internal\expndtw7 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (contain\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw7 \expndtw0 itself).\expndtw8 \expndtw0 This\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 parti\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ularly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 true\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 rela\- tionship between 1 John \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Gospel of John.\par \par \b His\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 ica\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 Evi\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 co\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 er\expndtw0 ni\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e \expndtw-2 A\expndtw0 u\expndtw-2 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 or o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 1 John\b0\par \par \b\i Earl\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 all\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 sio\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 s to t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ann\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tt\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs\b0\i0\par \par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome\expndtw11 \expndtw0 scholars\expndtw9 \expndtw0 have\expndtw9 \expndtw0 suggested\expndtw11 \expndtw0 allusions\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and/or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 2\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 3\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 number\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of non-canonical\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw5 \expndtw0 works\expndtw5 \expndtw0 dating\expndtw5 \expndtw0 mostly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 2nd\expndtw5 \expndtw0 century.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 These\expndtw5 \expndtw0 have\expndtw5 \expndtw0 been\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ategorized according to the prob\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 bility that th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 y actu\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lly reflect som\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 knowledg\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 of the Johannine Epistl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s. \b U\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 likely \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 allusions: \expndtw-19 \expndtw0\b0 These \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 are \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 works \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 which \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 some \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 have \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 suggested \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 may \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 contain \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 allu\-sions \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Epistles,\expndtw21 \expndtw0 but\expndtw21 \expndtw0 which \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 probably\expndtw21 \expndtw0 show \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 similarities\expndtw20 \expndtw0 only \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 be\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ause \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 they\expndtw21 \expndtw0 come from \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 same \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 g\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 neral \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 background \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rly \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Christian \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 thought. \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 These \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 works \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 include \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-13 \expndtw0\i First Epistle\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Clement\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Corinthians\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i0 (ca.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 96),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i Epistle\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Ignatius\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Ephesians\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i0 (ca.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 AD 110-115), and the \i Didache\i0 (between\expndtw-3 \expndtw0 A\expndtw-3 D\expndtw0 90-120).\par \par \b Possible \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 allusions: \expndtw-21 \expndtw0\b0 Th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 se \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 are \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 works \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 which \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 may \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 indeed \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 cont\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 in \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 allusions \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 indirect references\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and/or\expndtw7 \expndtw0 2\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 3\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 They\expndtw6 \expndtw0 include\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i Epistle\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Barnabas\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i0 (ca.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 130),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the \i Shepherd\expndtw16 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Hermas\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i0 (before\expndtw17 \expndtw0 AD 150),\expndtw18 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0\i Second\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Clement\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Corinthians\expndtw19 \expndtw0\i0 (ca.\expndtw15 \expndtw0 AD 150), both the\expndtw2 \expndtw0\i Apologie\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 and the \i Dialogue with Trypho\i0 of Justin Martyr (\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 a.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 A\expndtw-3 D\expndtw0 150), and \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nother early \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 apolog\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 tic \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 work\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 uncertain\expndtw21 \expndtw0 authorship,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\i Epistle\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to Diognetus \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\i0 (d\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ted \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 by\expndtw21 \expndtw0 scholars\expndtw21 \expndtw0 be\- tween A\expndtw-3 D\expndtw0 125-225).\par \par \b Pro\expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 le\expndtw17 \expndtw0 allusions:\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b0 These\expndtw17 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 earliest\expndtw17 \expndtw0 works\expndtw17 \expndtw0 which\expndtw16 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 opinion\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 many\expndtw16 \expndtw0 New Testament \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 scholars \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 probably \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 do \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 reflect \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 knowl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 dge \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 one \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 more \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Johannine \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Epistles. They\expndtw10 \expndtw0 are\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 follows:\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 olycarp\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i Epistle\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Philippians\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i0 (before\expndtw13 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-7 \expndtw0 140),\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (2)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 testi\- mony of Papias (a \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ontemporary of Polycarp), which surviv\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s only in quotation by Eus\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 bius. Ac\- cording\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Eusebius,\expndtw4 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw2 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 made\expndtw3 \expndtw0 use\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 testimonies\expndtw2 \expndtw0 from\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 first\expndtw3 \expndtw0 [or\expndtw3 \expndtw0 former]\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John.\rdblquote\cf1\b\up4 3\cf0\b0 \up0 This\expndtw7 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw7 \expndtw0 should\expndtw7 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 taken\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 mean\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 api\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 knew\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 more\expndtw7 \expndtw0 than\expndtw6 \expndtw0 one\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Johannine letters,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 since\expndtw9 \expndtw0 it\expndtw11 \expndtw0 may\expndtw8 \expndtw0 only\expndtw11 \expndtw0 refle\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Eusebius\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 knowledge\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 other\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw9 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 his own time (4th century AD). In general when ancient authors cited earlier works, it was common to \ldblquote update\rdblquote such references to then-current standards.are:\par \par \f1 p9\par \f0\par \b\i Earl\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 dir\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 quota\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ions \expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 rom \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Johan\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 i\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 e l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tt\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs\b0\i0\par \par These\expndtw19 \expndtw0 works\expndtw17 \expndtw0 contain\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 first\expndtw17 \expndtw0 undeniable\expndtw19 \expndtw0 quotations\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw17 \expndtw0 letters.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 They are:\par \par \b (1)\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b0 Irenaeus\rquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0\i Adversus\expndtw20 \expndtw0 haer\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ses\expndtw20 \expndtw0\i0 (\expndtw-2\i\ldblquote\expndtw0 Against\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Heresies,\rdblquote\expndtw21 \expndtw0\i0 ca.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw4 \expndtw0 180),\expndtw18 \expndtw0 which\expndtw21 \expndtw0 includes\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in three\expndtw13 \expndtw0 passages\expndtw12 \expndtw0 direct\expndtw13 \expndtw0 citations\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw13 \expndtw0 2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw17 \expndtw0\i Adv.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 haer.\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i0 1.16.3\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 quotation\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 11\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in which\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Irenaeus\expndtw12 \expndtw0 adds\expndtw12 \expndtw0 that\ex!pndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\expndtw12 \expndtw0 writt\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Lord\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 disciple\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\expndtw12 \expndtw0 also\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the author\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Gospel.\expndtw14 \expndtw0\i Adv.\expndtw13 \expndtw0 haer.\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i0 3.16.5\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 quotation\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 2:18-19\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 21-22,\expndtw14 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd 3.16.8\expndtw12 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 quoted\expndtw12 \expndtw0 from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 7-8,\expndtw14 \"expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 4:1-2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 5:1.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 All\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 these\expndtw13 \expndtw0 are\expndtw13 \expndtw0 part\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Irena\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 us\rquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 argu\-ments against th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Gnosti\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 s.\par \par \b (2)\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i Muratorian\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Canon\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i0 (som\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 times\expndtw6 \expndtw0 ref\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rred\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i Muratorian\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Fragment,\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i0 ca.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 AD 200)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 fragment\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 an\expndtw8 \expndtw0 early\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Latin\expndtw9 \expndtw0 list\expnd#tw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 books\expndtw8 \expndtw0 consider\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw8 \expndtw0 canonical,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 thought\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ssociated with\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 church\expndtw12 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Rome.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 describes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 how\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 wrote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 then\expndtw13 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 his \ldblquote epistles\rdblquote \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 although \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 number \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 disputed. \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 Later \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 fragment \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 adds, \expndtw-23 \expn$dtw0\ldblquote Certainly \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Epistle \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of Jude\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and two\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 previously\expndtw1 \expndtw0 mentioned\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 cepted\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 catholic\expndtw1 \expndtw0 church,\rdblquote although\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the meaning of this stat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ment is disputed. R. Brown takes this as \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ference to 1 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd 2 John.\cf1\expndtw-2\b\up4 4\cf0\expndtw0\b0\up0 P. Katz tried\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 see\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ll\expndtw3 \expndtw0 three\expndtw1 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 taking\expndtw3 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 catholic\r%dblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 church\expndtw1 \expndtw0 but\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the \ldblquote catholic\expndtw21 \expndtw0 epistle\rdblquote \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw21 \expndtw0 namely \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 1\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John.\cf1\b\up4 5\cf0\b0 \expndtw-2 \expndtw0\up0 It\expndtw21 \expndtw0 has\expndtw20 \expndtw0 also \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 be\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 argued\expndtw21 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Muratorian\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Canon would\expndtw9 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 placed\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw9 \expndtw0 must\expndtw7 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw7 \expndtw0 at\exp&ndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 point\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 2\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 3\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 My own \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 suspicion \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 2 \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 John \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 may \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 have \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 been \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 consider\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 part \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 John \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 West: \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Irenaeus quotes\expndtw10 \expndtw0 2\expndtw10 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 7-8\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i Adv.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 hae\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0\i0 .\expndtw10 \expndtw0 3.16.8\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 coming\expndtw11 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \ex'pndtw0 epistle\expndtw11 \expndtw0 he\expndtw11 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 alre\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 dy\expndtw11 \expndtw0 quoted,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 which has\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 quoted\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 3.16.5.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 If\expndtw7 \expndtw0 so,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Muratorian\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Canon\expndtw6 \expndtw0 may\expndtw6 \expndtw0 well\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 referring\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw7 \expndtw0 2 John combined, plus 3 John \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 separate l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tter. But this is far from certain.\par \par \b (3) \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\b0 Tertullian\expndtw21 \expndtw0 (died \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw6 \expndtw0 215)\expndtw21 \expndtw0 quotes \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 1\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Joh(n \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 more\expndtw21 \expndtw0 than \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 40\expndtw21 \expndtw0 times,\expndtw21 \expndtw0 referring\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 it\expndtw21 \expndtw0 as \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 the work of John the Apostl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\cf1\b\up4 6\cf0\b0\up0\par \par \b (4)\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b0 Clement\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Alexandria\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (died\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ca.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 220)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 only\expndtw5 \expndtw0 quotes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 number\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 times\cf1\b\up4 7\cf0\b0 \up0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 attributes this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 speaks of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 as \ldblquote the\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 gr)eater\expndtw1 \expndtw0 epistle,\rdblquote\cf1\b\up4 8\cf0\b0 \expndtw-9 \expndtw0\up0 which\expndtw1 \expndtw0 indicates he knew\expndtw9 \expndtw0 at\expndtw7 \expndtw0 least\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 more\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw9 \expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 tters\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 considered\expndtw8 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 m\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 come\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 same\expndtw7 \expndtw0 au\- thor.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 It\expndtw9 \expndtw0 would\expndtw9 \expndtw0 appear\expndtw9 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 other\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw9 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Clement\expndtw9 \expndtw0 knew\expndtw9 \expndtw0 was\expndtw8 \expndtw0 2\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 since\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\e*xpndtw21 \expndtw0\i Adum\- bratione\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 contains \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ommentary on 2 John.\par \par \b (5)\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b0 Origen\expndtw14 \expndtw0 (died\expndtw16 \expndtw0 AD 253)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 quoted\expndtw14 \expndtw0 frequently\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 referred\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 it\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw14 \expndtw0 by\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Apostle.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Ac\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ording\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Eusebius,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Origen\expndtw13 \expndtw0 knew\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 both\expndtw11 \expndtw0 2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 3\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 although\expndtw11 \expndtw0 he\expndtw11 \expndtw0 was\expndtw12 \expndtw0 aware that\expndtw15 + \expndtw0 all\expndtw15 \expndtw0 did\expndtw15 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 consider\expndtw15 \expndtw0 them\expndtw15 \expndtw0 genuine.\cf1\b\up4 9\cf0\b0 \expndtw7 \expndtw0\up0 As\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 matter\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 fact\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Origen\expndtw14 \expndtw0 never\expndtw15 \expndtw0 quotes\expndtw14 \expndtw0 2\expndtw14 \expndtw0 or\expndtw15 \expndtw0 3\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in any\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 his\expndtw17 \expndtw0 surviving\expndtw15 \expndtw0 works;\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 only\expndtw17 \expndtw0 firsthand\expndtw14 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 he\expndtw15 \expndtw0 knew\expndtw15 \expndtw0 more\expndtw17 \expndtw0 than\expndtw14 \expndtw0 one\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Johannine letter\expndtw7 \expndtw0 rests\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 use\expn,dtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 plural\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Latin\expndtw7 \expndtw0 tr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nslation\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Greek\expndtw6 \expndtw0 original\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 lost)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i Homi\- lies\expndtw6 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Joshua\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i0 (7.1)\expndtw6 \expndtw0 where\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 fers\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote epistles\rdblquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 This\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 somewhat\expndtw7 \expndtw0 que\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 tionable\expndtw5 \expndtw0 be\- cause l\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ter in the same work (7.4) he sp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aks in the singul\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 r of \ldblquote -his epistl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 .\rdblquote\par \par \b (6)\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b0 According\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Eusebius\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Origen\rquote s\expndtw17 \expndtw0 pupil,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Dionysius\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Alexandria\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (died \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 AD 265)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 re\-garded\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 writt\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw11 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 same\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Fourth\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Gospel,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 although\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw11 \expndtw0 distinguished both\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw.0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 style\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Revelation,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 which\expndtw14 \expndtw0 he\expndtw17 \expndtw0 ther\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 fore\expndtw17 \expndtw0 attributed\expndtw14 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a different author\expndtw-2 .\cf1\expndtw0\b\up4 1\expndtw-2 0\cf0\expndtw0\b0\up0 Dionysius also kn\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 w ther\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 existed \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 so-call\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d second or third \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 pistle of John.\par \par \b\i Con\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 sions\b0\i0\par \par It\expndtw15 \expndtw0 can\expndtw12 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 en\expndtw14 \expndtw0 from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 external\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (historical)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\expndtw13 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 examined\expndtw14 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 bove\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expnd/tw13 \expndtw0 1 John,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 at\expndtw17 \expndtw0 least,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw16 \expndtw0 being\expndtw15 \expndtw0 quoted\expndtw16 \expndtw0 without\expndtw15 \expndtw0 question\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw14 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 its\expndtw15 \expndtw0 authenticity\expndtw15 \expndtw0 or\expndtw17 \expndtw0 authority\expndtw15 \expndtw0 well\expndtw17 \expndtw0 before the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 end\expndtw10 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 second\expndtw10 \expndtw0 century\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 both\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 W\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 st\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 East.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 also\expndtw11 \expndtw0 app\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ars\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 was accepted\expndtw14 \expndtw0 0to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Apostle,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw15 \expndtw0 was\expndtw14 \expndtw0 understood\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as well.\par \par \b In\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 na\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 Evi\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 co\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 er\expndtw0 ni\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e \expndtw-2 A\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 or o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 1 John\b0\par \par Only\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Hebrews\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 mong\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expnd1tw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 New\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw7 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw9 \expndtw0 no\expndtw6 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 by name\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 This\expndtw3 \expndtw0 does not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 mean,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 howev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 contains\expndtw1 \expndtw0 no\expndtw3 \expndtw0 information\expndtw1 \expndtw0 whatsoev\- er about its author.\par \par \b\i (1\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 au\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 hor as \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 y\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tn\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ss to \expndtw-3 C\expndtw0 hris\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 :\b0\i0\par \par The \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 introduction \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 prologue, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 1:1-4, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 peatedly \expn2dtw-21 \expndtw0 emphasizes \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 yewitness \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 nature \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw13 \expndtw0 contained\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 letter.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 parti\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ular,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 places\expndtw14 \expndtw0 spe\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ial\expndtw15 \expndtw0 emphasis\expndtw13 \expndtw0 on\expndtw14 \expndtw0 what the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 writer\expndtw5 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw7 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 heard,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 seen,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 ga\expndtw-3 z\expndtw0 ed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 upon,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 touched.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 It\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sometimes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 pointed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 o3ut\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the use\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 first\expndtw9 \expndtw0 person\expndtw11 \expndtw0 plur\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 introduction\expndtw9 \expndtw0 does\expndtw10 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 conclusively\expndtw9 \expndtw0 prove\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 an eyewitness\expndtw10 \expndtw0 participant\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 events\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw11 \expndtw0 he\expndtw11 \expndtw0 alludes,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 since\expndtw11 \expndtw0 first\expndtw11 \expndtw0 p\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rson\expndtw11 \expndtw0 plurals\expndtw11 \expndtw0 occur\expndtw11 \expndtw0 later\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw3 \4expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ference\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ommon\expndtw5 \expndtw0 experience\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ll\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christians\expndtw2 \expndtw0 (e.g.,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 4:13).\expndtw4 \expndtw0 But\expndtw5 \expndtw0 if\expndtw3 \expndtw0 all the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 writer\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 doing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 alluding\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 general\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 xperience\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (i.e.,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 knowl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 dge\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 incarnation)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 hard\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expn5dtw0 see\expndtw1 \expndtw0 how\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 could\expndtw1 \expndtw0 serve\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 as any\expndtw1 \expndtw0 authentication\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 his\expndtw1 \expndtw0 message, which seems to be th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 point of the prologu\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\par \par It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 appears,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ther,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 intends\expndtw10 \expndtw0 by\expndtw12 \expndtw0 his\expndtw11 \expndtw0 statements\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 indicate that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 was\expndtw2 \expndtw0 one\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 original\expndtw1 \expndtw0 eyewitnesses of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 life\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw61 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 earth,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he intends\expndtw10 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 associate\expndtw11 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 other\expndtw11 \expndtw0 original\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 yewitnesses.\cf1\b\up4 11\cf0\b0 \expndtw2 \expndtw0\up0 It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 should\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 noted\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 this\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is completely\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onsistent\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 traditional\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ascription\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Apostle,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \ex7pndtw0 reflected in the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 xternal \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vidence we h\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ve \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lready ex\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 mined.\par \par \b\i (2\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 au\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 hori\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ati\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 e \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 on\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e \expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ter:\b0\i0\par \par In\expndtw3 \expndtw0 addition\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 specific\expndtw3 \expndtw0 eyewitness\expndtw2 \expndtw0 cl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 im\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 remaind\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw7 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 writte8n\expndtw8 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 an\expndtw8 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ttitude\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 assumed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 authority.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Obedi\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nce\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 what\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 au\expndtw-32 \expndtw0\- thor\expndtw9 \expndtw0 has\expndtw8 \expndtw0 written\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 clearly\expndtw9 \expndtw0 assumed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 4:6).\expndtw8 \expndtw0 There\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 compromise\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 error\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 advers\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ries,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 which\expndtw18 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 condemned\expndtw18 \expndtw0 outright\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (2:18-19,\expndtw18 \expndtw90 4:1-3).\expndtw18 \expndtw0 The\expndtw17 \expndtw0 tone\expndtw19 \expndtw0 set\expndtw17 \expndtw0 by\expndtw18 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 epistle\expndtw19 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw18 \expndtw0 a whole\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 certainly\expndtw3 \expndtw0 one\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw3 \expndtw0 authority,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 would\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 consistent\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 assignment\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of authorship to John the Apostl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\par \par \b\i (3\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ass\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 med \expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 am\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 liari\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 y \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 ith \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 read\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs:\b0\i0\par \par It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 clear\expn:dtw11 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw11 \expndtw0 repeated\expndtw8 \expndtw0 use\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 endearment\expndtw9 \expndtw0 like\expndtw17 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 kn\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw12\f0 \expndtw0 (\f3 te\expndtw-2 kn\expndtw0 ia\f0 , \ldblquote little\expndtw11 \expndtw0 children\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 his\expndtw11 \expndtw0 read\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (2:1,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 12,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 28;\expndtw11 \expndtw0 3:7,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 18;\expndtw11 \expndtw0 4:4;\expndtw11 \expndtw0 5:21)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 he\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 well\expndtw11 \expndtw0 known\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to them,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ma;y\expndtw5 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ll\expndtw5 \expndtw0 explain\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 omission\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 name:\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 so\expndtw4 \expndtw0 well\expndtw5 \expndtw0 known\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the readers th\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t no introduction was n\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 cessary.\par \par \expndtw-2\f1 p1\expndtw0 1\par \b\i\f0 (4\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 latio\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 sh\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 p of 1 Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 n to \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Four\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h \expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 ospe\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 :\b0\i0\par \par The \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 relationship \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 between \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 John \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 and \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 tauthor\rquote s \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 name \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 not \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 specifically \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 mentioned \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 John, \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 indications within\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (eyewitness\expndtw6 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 life\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw7 \expndtw0 authority,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 someone\expndtw7 \expndtw0 well-known\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the readers,\expndtw6 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw5 \expndtw0 similarities\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Gospel)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 certainly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 consistent\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 ? \expndtw0 tr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ditional\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ascrip\- tion of authorship to John the Apostl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\par \par \b A\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 er\expndtw0 na\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ive P\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 oposa\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s fo\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 A\expndtw0 u\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ho\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 sh\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 p o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 1 John\b0\par \par As\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw13 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 just\expndtw13 \expndtw0 seen,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 there\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 good\expndtw13 \expndtw0 evidence,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 both\expndtw13 \expndtw0 historical\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 internal,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 which\expndtw13 \expndtw0 su\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0\- ports \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 traditional \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 ascription \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 authorship \expndtw-15 \ex@pndtw0 of \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 John \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 John \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Apostle. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 This \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 has \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 not, \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 of course,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 met\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 univ\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rsal\expndtw9 \expndtw0 approval,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 light\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ck\expndtw8 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 specific\expndtw9 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in the letter its\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 lf w\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 should look at s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 veral of the mor\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 prominent \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lternatives propos\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 d.\par \par \b\i (1\expndtw-2 )\expndtAw0 Joh\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e E\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 der:\b0\i0\par \par Clearly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 most\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wid\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 spread\expndtw6 \expndtw0 alternative\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 authorship\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 by\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is authorship\expndtw11 \expndtw0 by\expndtw10 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 second\expndtw11 \expndtw0 person\expndtw11 \expndtw0 whose\expndtw11 \expndtw0 name\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 usually\expndtw11 \expndtw0 designated\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Elder\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (or\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 res\expndtw-35 \expndtw0\- byter, from the Gr\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ek word). Support for this is found in 2 and 3 JohBn, which both introduce th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir author\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as\expndtw14 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 elder\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 although\expndtw15 \expndtw0 no\expndtw14 \expndtw0 name\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 mentioned\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 connection\expndtw15 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw0 either.\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 upport\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 also claimed\expndtw20 \expndtw0 from\expndtw21 \expndtw0 a\expndtw21 \expndtw0 much-debated\expndtw21 \expndtw0 pass\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ge\expndtw21 \expndtw0 attributed\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw20 \expndtw0 and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 quoted\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Eusebius\expndtw21 \expndtw0 which\expndtw21 \expndtw0 may possibly refer to a p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rson distin\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 t from the Apostle John.\par \par \pard\li360\expndtw-2 PC\expndtw0 apias is quoted by Eusebius \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s saying:\par \pard\par \pard\li360 And\expndtw19 \expndtw0 again,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 if\expndtw19 \expndtw0 anyone\expndtw17 \expndtw0 came\expndtw19 \expndtw0 who\expndtw19 \expndtw0 had\expndtw18 \expndtw0 been\expndtw19 \expndtw0 a\expndtw19 \expndtw0 follower\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 elders,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 I\expndtw19 \expndtw0 used\expndtw18 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 enquire about \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 sayings \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 elders\emdash what \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 Andrew, \expndtw-10 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-9 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 eter, \expndtw-8 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-9 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 hilip, \expndtw-10 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 Thomas, \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 or James,\expndtw21 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw21 \expndtw0 or\expndtw21 \expndtw0 MDatthew,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 or\expndtw21 \expndtw0 any \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 other\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Lord\rquote s \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 disciples\expndtw20 \expndtw0 said\expndtw21 \expndtw0 (\expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\f0 ,\expndtw22 \expndtw0\f3 e\expndtw-2 ip\expndtw0 en \f0 [aorist]) and wh\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t Aristion and th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 elder John, th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 discipl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s of the Lord, say (\f2 l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 ou\expndtw0 sin\f0 , \f3 l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 go\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 sin\expndtw14\f0 \expndtw0 [present]).\expndtw12 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 or\expndtw13 \expndtw0 I\expndtw13 \expndtw0 did\expndtw13 \expndtw0 not\expndtw13 \expndtw0 think\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 I\expndtw13 \expndtw0 could\expndtw13 \expndtw0 get\expndtw13 \expndtw0 so\expndtw12 \expndtw0 much\expndtw13 \expndtw0 profit\expndtw13 \expndtw0 from\Eexpndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 con\- tents of books as from the utt\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rances of a living and \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 biding voi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 e.\cf1\b\up4 12\cf0\b0\up0\par \pard\par The\expndtw17 \expndtw0 problem,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 quite\expndtw15 \expndtw0 simply\expndtw17 \expndtw0 st\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ted,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 interpretation\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\rquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 words.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Who\expndtw16 \expndtw0 are\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the \ldblquote elders\rdblquote ?\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 they\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 identified\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote disciples\rdblquote\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lso\expndtw5 \expndtw0 named,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 or\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 they\expndtw3 F \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 separate\expndtw5 \expndtw0 group? C.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 K.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Barrett\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\expndtw12 \expndtw0 convinced\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote sayings\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 eld\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 consisted\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 reports\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 what\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 named disciples\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (i.e.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 apostles)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 had\expndtw8 \expndtw0 already\expndtw8 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 id,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw8 \expndtw0 only\expndtw9 \expndtw0 heard\expndtw9 \expndtw0 these\expndtw7 \expndtw0 second\expndtw8 \expndtw0 hand.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 There\expndtw9 \expndtw0 would be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 no\expndtw1 \expndtw0 question\expndtw3 \expnGdtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw2 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 hearer\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 postle\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 companion\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 olycarp.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Thus\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 a\- pias\expndtw14 \expndtw0 would\expndtw15 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 referring\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 three\expndtw15 \expndtw0 groups:\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 apostles\expndtw14 \expndtw0 (Dis\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 iples),\expndtw16 \expndtw0 their\expndtw15 \expndtw0 followers\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 eld\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 and the other dis\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 iples\cf1\expndtw-3\b .\expndtw0\up4 13\up0\par \cf0\b0\par If,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw6 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndHtw6 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 describing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 apostles\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i as\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i0 elders,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 then\expndtw7 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw7 \expndtw0 are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 only\expndtw7 \expndtw0 two\expndtw7 \expndtw0 groups (apostles\expndtw18 \expndtw0 and\expndtw19 \expndtw0 disciples),\expndtw18 \expndtw0 and\expndtw18 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw18 \expndtw0 used\expndtw18 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 enquire\expndtw19 \expndtw0 directly\expndtw19 \expndtw0 from\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 followers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 postles what\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 apostles\expndtw8 \expndtw0 had\expndtw11 \expndtw0 said.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 His\expndtw9 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 therefore\expndtw9 \expndtw0 closer\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtwI9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Irenaeus.\expndtw9 \expndtw0 But\expndtw9 \expndtw0 if\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw8 \expndtw0 is describing \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 apostles\expndtw20 \expndtw0 as \expndtw-24 \expndtw0\lquote elders,\rquote\expndtw22 \expndtw0 then\expndtw21 \expndtw0 it \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 possible\expndtw21 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0\ldblquote elder \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 John\rdblquote\expndtw21 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 also \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Apostle John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 mentioned\expndtw9 \expndtw0 earlier.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 In\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 case,\expndtw10 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw8 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 distinguishing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 tween\expndtw8 \expndtw0 what\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 said\expJndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 past and what h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s still saying at th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 time of \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\rquote \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nquiry.\par \par At the s\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 me tim\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 , the possibility that there m\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 y h\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ve been two men with the n\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 me John cannot\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ruled\expndtw9 \expndtw0 out.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 It\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 supported\expndtw8 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Eusebius\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 interpretation\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 words.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (But\expndtw9 \expndtw0 since\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Eu\- sebius \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 wished \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 attribute \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 Book \exKpndtw-13 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 Revelation \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 a \expndtw-9 \expndtw0\i different \expndtw-13 \expndtw0\i0 John \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 than \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 author \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 the gospel, his interpret\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion may not have b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 en imp\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rtial.)\cf1\b\up4 14\cf0\b0\up0\par \par In\expndtw7 \expndtw0 any\expndtw7 \expndtw0 case,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 only\expndtw7 \expndtw0 other\expndtw7 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw7 \expndtw0 for\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 existance\expndtw7 \expndtw0 for\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw6 \expndtw0\lquote elder\rquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be the introduction to 2 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd 3 John, where th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 author \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 alls hiLms\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 lf by this title. But \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ven if there w\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 second\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0\lquote elder\rquote ,\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw8 \expndtw0 gives\expndtw6 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 loc\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 hint\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 any\expndtw6 \expndtw0 writings.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 He\expndtw9 \expndtw0 merely\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hap\- pens\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 possess\expndtw2 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 name\expndtw3 \expndtw0 which\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 identical\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 person\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 which\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expMndtw0 traditional\- ly ascribed, \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd this makes the \lquote\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 onfusion\rquote theory possibl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\par \par But\expndtw3 \expndtw0 if\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 later\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Church\expndtw1 \expndtw0 mixed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 up\expndtw1 \expndtw0 apostles\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 elders\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 way,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 might\expndtw3 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 apias\expndtw2 \expndtw0 have done\expndtw5 \expndtw0 so\expndtw2 \expndtw0 himself?\expndtw5 \expndtw0 And\expndtw3 \expndtw0 after\expndtw3 \expndtw0 all,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 still\expndtw5 \expndtw0 possible\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 was\expndtw2 \expndtw0 originally\expndtw5 \expndtw0 referring\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 only\expndtw3 \expndtw0N one\expndtw5 \expndtw0 per\- son himself, and \expndtw-3 P\expndtw0 apias\rquote words were \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 onfused by Eusebius.\par \par \b\i (2\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 A d\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 sc\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ple o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e Apo\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 tl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 :\b0\i0\par \par Those \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 who \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 hold \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 this \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 view \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 usually \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 link \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 it \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ir \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 theory \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 authorship \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth Gospel,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 bec\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 use\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 evidently\expndtw5 \expndtw0 close\expndtw5 \expndtw0 relOationship\expndtw5 \expndtw0 between\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Fourth\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Gosp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 (men\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- tioned\expndtw7 \expndtw0 briefly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 above).\expndtw6 \expndtw0 In\expndtw5 \expndtw0 moderately\expndtw7 \expndtw0 critic\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw7 \expndtw0 circles\expndtw4 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 becoming\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ommon\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ascribe\expndtw7 \expndtw0 authorship of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 follower\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 (or\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Beloved\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Dis\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 iple),\expnPdtw14 \expndtw0 which\expndtw13 \expndtw0 allows\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to say\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 witn\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss\expndtw16 \expndtw0 behind\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw0 was\expndtw14 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw17 \expndtw0 or\expndtw15 \expndtw0 near-apostolic,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 while\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ctual authorship\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 not.\expndtw6 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome\expndtw5 \expndtw0 would\expndtw5 \expndtw0 go\expndtw5 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 see\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 individual\expndtw5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 same\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\expndtw5 \expndtw0 who\expndtw5 \expndtw0 then\expndtw5 \expndtw0 wrote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ei\- ther 1 John or all tQhre\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 of the Johannine l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tters.\cf1\b\up4 15\cf0\b0\up0\par \par 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e\expndtw0 s.\i0 New York: \expndtw-3 P\expndtw0 aulist Press, 1979.\par \par Dodd,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 C.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 H.\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote The\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 irst\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Fourth\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Gosp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 l.\rdblquote\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i Bulletin\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw7 \expndtw0 R\expndtw-3 y\expndtw0 lands\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Li\-\i0\par \i brary\i0 21 (1937): 129-56.\par \par \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 euillet,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 A.\expndtw18 \expndtw0\ldblquote The\expndtw19 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 tructure\expndtw17 a\expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 irst\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John:\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Comparison\expndtw17 \expndtw0 with\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 4th\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Gospel.\rdblquote\expndtw22 \expndtw0\i Biblical\expndtw19 \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 heology\i0\par \i Bulletin\i0 3 (1973): 194-216.\par \par Holtzmann, \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 H. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 J. \expndtw-15 \expndtw0\ldblquote Das \expndtw-16 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 roblem \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 des \expndtw-16 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rsten \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 johanneischen \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Briefes \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 seinem \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Verh\'e4ltniss \expndtw-15 \expndtw-3 z\expndtw0 um\par Evangelium.\rdblquote \expndtw-12 \expndtw0\i Jahrbuch \expndtw-12 \expndtw0 f\'fcr \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 protestantische \expndtw-13 \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 heologie \expndtw-11 \expndtw0\i0 7 \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 (1881): \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 6b90-712; \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 8 \expndtw-12 \expndtw0 (1882):\par 128-52, 316-42, 460-85.\par \par Howard,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 W.\expndtw20 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 .\expndtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote The\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Common\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Authorship\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nnine\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw19 \expndtw0 and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Epistles.\rdblquote \expndtw2 \expndtw0\i Journal\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\i0\par \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 heological Studie\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 48 (1947): 12-25.\par \par Katz, \expndtw-22 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 . \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\ldblquote The \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Johannine \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Epistles \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Muratorian \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 Canon.\rdblquote \expndtw-20 \expndtw0\i Journal \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-21 \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 heological \expndtw-23 \expndtcw0 Studies \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\i0 8\par (1957): 273-74.\par \par K\'fcgler,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Joachim.\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote Die\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Belehrung\expndtw3 \expndtw0 der\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Unbelehrbaren:\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Zur\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 unktion\expndtw1 \expndtw0 des\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Traditionsarguments\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1\par Joh.\rdblquote \i BZ\i0 32 (1988): 249-54.\par \par Manso\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 T.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 W.\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote Additional\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Not\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 :\expndtw3 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Epistles and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Canon\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 New\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Testam\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt.\rdblquote Attached\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote Entry\expndtw7 \expndtw0 into\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\edxpndtw7 \expndtw0 Membership\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Early\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Chur\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h.\rdblquote\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i Journal\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 heological Studies \i0 48 (1947): 32-33.\par O\rquote Neill, J. C. \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 he Puzzle of 1 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn: A New E\expndtw-2 x\expndtw0 amination of Origins\i0 . London: S\expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 CK, 1966. \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 oltau, \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Wilhelm. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0\ldblquote Die \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Verwandtschaft \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 zwis\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hen \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Evangelium \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Johannis \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 und \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 dem \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 1. \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nnes\-\par brief.\rdblquote \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 heologische Studien und Kriti\expndtw-3 k\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\i0 89 (1916): 229-33.\par \paer \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 trecker, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 Georg. \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\ldblquote Die \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Anf\expndtw-3\'e4\expndtw0 nge \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 der \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 johanneischen \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 S\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hule.\rdblquote \expndtw-20 \expndtw0\i New \expndtw-23 \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 estament \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Studies \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\i0 32 \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 (1986):\par 31-47.\par \par Wilson,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 W.\expndtw15 \expndtw0 G.\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote An\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Examin\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Linguistic\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Evidence\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Addu\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ed\expndtw16 \expndtw0 against\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Unity\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Au\- thorship\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 irst\expndtw19 \expndtwf0 Epistle\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 John\expndtw20 \expndtw0 and\expndtw18 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ourth\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Gospel.\rdblquote \expndtw-20 \expndtw0\i Journal\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 heological Studies \i0 49 (1948): 147-56.\par \fs18\par ______________________\par \fs22 [Footnotes]\par \par \cf1\b [3]\cf0\b0 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.17.\par \cf1\b [4]\cf0\b0 Raymond E. Brown, The Epistles of John (Anchor Bible 30; Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982) 10.\par \cf1\b [5]\cf0\b0 P. Katz, \ldblquote The Johannine Epistles in the Muratorian Canon,\rdblquote JTS 8 (1957): 273-74.\par \cf1\b [6]\cf0\b0 See especially Adversus praxeas 15; Scorpiace 12.\par \cf1\b [7] \cf0\b0 Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 3.5.44 and 3.6.45 (which quote 1 John 2:4, 18-19); Quis dives salvetur 37.6 (which quotes 1 John 3:15).\par \cf1\b [8]\cf0\b0 Stromata 2.15.66.\par \cf1\b [9]\cf0\b0 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 6.2g5.10.\par \cf1\b [10] \cf0\b0 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 7.25.6\endash 7.25.11.\par \cf1\b [11]\cf0\b0 I.e., the apostles (and possibly others) mentioned by Paul in 1 Cor 15:5-7.\par \cf1\b [12] \cf0\b0 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 3.39.4. The same fragment of Papias is quoted by Jerome, Lives of Illustrious Men 13, who like Eusebius felt that the appearance of the name \ldblquote John\rdblquote twice in Papias\rquote list indicated the existence of an \ldblquote Elder John\rdblquote who was distinct from John the Apostle. How much or [to what extent Jerome depended on Eusebius for this opinion is uncertain.\par \cf1\b [13]\cf0\b0 C. K. Barrett, The Gospel according to John, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1978) 106-109.\par \cf1\b [14]\cf0\b0 Eusebius, an anti-chiliast (i.e., anti-millennialist), wanted to attribute the Book of Revelation to a non- apostolic author (since he did not approve of its teaching of a millennium in chap. 20). Thus he read Papias\rquote words in such a way as to find another individual named John who was not an apostle and not the author of the Fourth Gospel to be the author of Revelation. The point is, he can hardly be considered to be neutral when it comes to the interpretation of Papias\rquote testimony.\par \cf1\b [15]\cf0\b0 Schnackenburg, for example, suggests that the author of 1 John (if not an eyewitness himself) was a pupil of the fourth evangelist or a member of the close circle of believers gathered around him ( The Johan\- nine Epistles: Introduction and Commentary [trans. R. and I. Fuller; New York: Crossroad, 1992], 38, 41)\par \cf1\b [16]\cf0\b0 Brown, The Epistles of John, 69-71; Stephen S. Smalley, 1, 2, 3 John, WBC 51 (Waco: Word, 1984)\par xxii.\par \cf1\b [17]\cf0\b0 Joachim K\'fcgler, \ldblquote Die Belehrung der Unbelehrbaren: Zur Funktion des Traditionsarguments in 1 Joh,\rdblquote\par BZ 32 (1988): 249-54.\par \cf1\b [18]\cf0\b0 B. H. Streeter, The Four Gospels, rev. ed. (London: Macmillan, 1930) 460.\par \par } š œšŽšjWœµ 04 The Prologue to 1 John (1:1-4) p39{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f1\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f2\fswiss\fcharset0 Greek;}{\f3\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial Unicode MS;}{\f4\fswiss\fcharset0 Greektl;}} rÀS ÿs03 Background and Setting of 1 John{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fcharset0 Arii…¹mŠñE02 Introduction & Background to 1, 2, and 3 John{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f1\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f2\fswiss\fcharset0 Greek;}{\f3\fswiss\fcharset0 Greektl;}{\f4\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}} {\colortbl ;\red255\green0\blue0;} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sl-240\slmult0\qc\lang2058\b\f0\fs24 An \expndtw-3 I\expndtw0 nt\expndtw-6 r\expndtw0 odu\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on to 1, 2, and 3jal;}{\f1\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f2\fswiss\fcharset0 Greek;}{\f3\fswiss\fcharset0 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identification\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 locale\expndtw19 \expndtw0 involved\expndtw21 \expndtw0 where these\expndtw5 \expndtw0 beli\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 vers\expndtw5 \expndtw0 lived.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 only\expndtw5 \expndtw0 thing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw5 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 said\expndtw5 \expndtw0 for\expndtw3 \expndtw0 certain\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 bout\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 intended\expndtw5 \expndtw0 read\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs\expndtw5 \expndtw0 based on\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 content\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw19 \expndtw0 itself\expndtw17 \expndtw0 isl\expndtw19 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 they\expndtw16 \expndtw0 were\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Christians,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (2)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 they\expndtw16 \expndtw0 appear\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 have\expndtw17 \expndtw0 been well-known\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 them),\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (3)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 facing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 threat\expndtw3 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 f\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lse\expndtw5 \expndtw0 teaching,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 a threat which is both s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rious \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd which \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ppears to have \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 risen from within (1 John 2:18-19).\par \par Because\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 this\expmndtw21 \expndtw0 lack\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 specific\expndtw21 \expndtw0 inform\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw21 \expndtw0 itself,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ttempt\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 under\- stand\expndtw5 \expndtw0 something\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 background\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 setting\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw3 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 related\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 two\expndtw5 \expndtw0 other\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ar\- eas\expndtw8 \expndtw0 which\expndtw9 \expndtw0 also\expndtw9 \expndtw0 require\expndtw9 \expndtw0 discussion:\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 authorship\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (2)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expnndtw7 \expndtw0 identity\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 adversaries\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (i.\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the false\expndtw19 \expndtw0 teachers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 against\expndtw19 \expndtw0 which\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 author\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1\expndtw18 \expndtw0 John\expndtw18 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 writing).\expndtw20 \expndtw0 In\expndtw19 \expndtw0 other\expndtw19 \expndtw0 words,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 what\expndtw19 \expndtw0 we\expndtw19 \expndtw0 can\expndtw18 \expndtw0 say about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 identity\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 recipients\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John (and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 other\expndtw1 \expndtw0 two\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw1 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as well)\expndtw1 \expndtwo0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ine\expndtw-2 x\expndtw0\- tricably\expndtw3 \expndtw0 linked\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 what\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 can\expndtw3 \expndtw0 say\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 adversaries\expndtw2 \expndtw0 whom he was writing ag\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 inst.\par \par We \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 have \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 already \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 concluded \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 our \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 discussion \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 authorship \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 there \expndtw-13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 no \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 com\- pelling\expndtw15 \expndtw0 reasons\expndtw12 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0p r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 jecting\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 traditional\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 scription\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 authorship\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Before we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 go\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 examine\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 internal\expndtw7 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw9 \expndtw0 thems\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lves\expndtw8 \expndtw0 for\expndtw7 \expndtw0 clues\expndtw8 \expndtw0 conc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rning\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 op\- ponents\expndtw21 \expndtw0 and\expndtw19 \expndtw0 their\expndtw21 \expndtw0 vi\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ws,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 we\expndtw21 \expndtw0 need\expndtw18 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 look\expndtw19 \expndtw0 briefly\qexpndtw21 \expndtw0 at\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 external\expndtw21 \expndtw0 eviden\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e\expndtw21 \expndtw0 relating\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 back\- ground and s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tting of the Joh\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nnine letters.\par \par \b Lo\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 at\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 on:\b0\par \par Most\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 firsthand\expndtw1 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw1 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 locale\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw3 \expndtw0 lett\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs\expndtw3 \expndtw0 comes from\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the following sources:\par \par \b\i Just\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n Mar\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 yr\b0\i0\par \par Justin,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\expndtw10 \expndtw0 at\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Ephesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 himselfr\expndtw11 \expndtw0 ca.\expndtw13 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-5 \expndtw0 135,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 speaks\expndtw10 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 one\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 apostles\expndtw10 \expndtw0 of Christ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 having\expndtw1 \expndtw0 lived\expndtw2 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw3 \expndtw0 previously.\cf1\b\up4 19\cf0\b0 \expndtw-6 \expndtw0\up0 This\expndtw1 \expndtw0 evidence\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 important\expndtw3 \expndtw0 because\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (a)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 so\expndtw2 \expndtw0 early\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and (b) it also comes from th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 same \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ity.\par \par \b\i Ire\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ae\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 s o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Lyon\b0\i0\par \par Irenaeus\expndtw6 \expndtw0 (writing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 ca.\expndtw8 \esxpndtw0 AD \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 180)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 says\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 after\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 other\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Gospels,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the disciple\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Lord\expndtw5 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 clined\expndtw6 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 bosom\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (an\expndtw6 \expndtw0 allusion\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 13:23,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 21:20),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 published\expndtw6 \expndtw0 his Gospel at Eph\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sus.\cf1\b\up4 20\cf0\b0\up0\par \par \b\i Eu\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 ebi\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \par Eusebius also r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 cords th\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t John the Apostle liv\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 d att Eph\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sus\expndtw-3 .\cf1\expndtw0\b\up4 21\cf0\b0\up0\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 apocr\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 pha\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 work kno\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 n as t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0\i0 A\expndtw-4 c\expndtw0 ts o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 John\par \par The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 apocryph\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i Acts\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\i0 ,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 written\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Leucius\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Charinus\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ca.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 150,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 tells\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 min\-istry of the Apostle John at Eph\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sus.\par \par \f0 BA\expndtw-4 C\expndtw0 K\expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OU\expndtw0 ND\f1 \expndtw-12 \expndtw0\f0 A\expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 D\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw-2\f0 S\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 TTI\expndtw0 NG\f1 u \expndtw-7 \expndtw-2\f0 1\expndtw0 7\par \par \b\i\f1 Poly\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 rat\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \par \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 olycrates,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 bishop\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Ephesus,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw19 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His statem\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts are pr\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 served by Eusebius\expndtw-2 .\cf1\expndtw0\b\up4 22\cf0\b0\up0\par \par \b\i Ar\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ha\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ologi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 al \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vid\expvndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 ce\expndtw0 fro\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 S\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\'e7\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 k\b0\i0\par \par Excavations\expndtw1 \expndtw0 at\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 el\'e7uk, a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 hill\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 vicinity\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Ephesus (located\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Turkey), be\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- neath\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 basilica\expndtw7 \expndtw0 built\expndtw7 \expndtw0 later\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 honor\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 t.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 shown\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 existence\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 mausoleum\expndtw7 \expndtw0 dat\- ing \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 from \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 3rd w\expndtw-15 \expndtw0 century. \expndtw-14 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 .-M. \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 Braun \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 thinks \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 this \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 confirms \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 testimony \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-13 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 olycr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tes \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 (see above).\cf1\b\up4 2\expndtw-4 3\cf0\expndtw0\b0\up0 In any cas\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 this is the tr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ditional site of the gr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ve of the Apostl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 John.\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 S\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 ria\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 work kno\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 n as t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0\i0 H\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ory o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 John\par \par One\expndtw3 \expndtw0 further\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ancient\expndtw1 \expndtw0 work,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 yriac\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i Hixstory\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John\i0 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 places the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 arrival\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 at\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Eph\- esus\expndtw14 \expndtw0 quite\expndtw15 \expndtw0 early\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (adding\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 his\expndtw15 \expndtw0 banishment\expndtw15 \expndtw0 took\expndtw15 \expndtw0 pla\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e\expndtw15 \expndtw0 under\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Nero).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 He\expndtw15 \expndtw0 was\expndtw14 \expndtw0 suppos\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 dly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 still\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a youth\expndtw3 \expndtw0 when he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 me\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Ephesus,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 for\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 long\expndtw1 \expndtw0 interval,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 after\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 other\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ygospels\expndtw3 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 d\expndtw3 \expndtw0 been\expndtw1 \expndtw0 written, hesitated\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 write\expndtw5 \expndtw0 until\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 prevailed\expndtw5 \expndtw0 upon\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 et\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 aul,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 who\expndtw5 \expndtw0 visited\expndtw5 \expndtw0 him\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Ephesus\expndtw4 \expndtw0 be\- fore\expndtw3 \expndtw0 going\expndtw3 \expndtw0 on\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 see\expndtw3 \expndtw0 James\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jerusalem.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Although\expndtw3 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traditions,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 was \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 martyred\expndtw21 \expndtw0 by Nero).\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Unfortunately,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \ex{pndtw0 work\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 very\expndtw7 \expndtw0 dubious\expndtw7 \expndtw0 historical\expndtw7 \expndtw0 value\expndtw7 \expndtw0 since\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 dates\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the fourth\expndtw3 \expndtw0 century\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ontains\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fanciful\expndtw1 \expndtw0 accounts\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 miracles worked\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John at\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Ephesus where he purport\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 dly work\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 d as \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n assistant \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ttendant \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t the publi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 b\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ths.\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Let\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 er o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Igna\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ius \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 o th\expndtw-2 e|\expndtw0 Ep\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 es\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ans\b0\i0\par \par Against\expndtw5 \expndtw0 all\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sometimes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 pointed\expndtw5 \expndtw0 out\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Ignatius\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Antioch,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 whose\expndtw5 \expndtw0 own\expndtw5 \expndtw0 letters are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 dat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ca.\expndtw9 \expndtw0 AD \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 110-15,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 wrote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 letter\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw5 \expndtw0 own\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Ephesian\expndtw5 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m\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 tar\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 on 1 John\b0\i0\par \par The \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 only \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 other \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 suggestion \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 for \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 locale \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 which \expndtw-13 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nnine \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 Epistles \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 were \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0\- dressed \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 com\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 from\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Latin\expndtw21 \expndtw0 tradition.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 It \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 found \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 t.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 Augustine\rquote s \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 comment\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ry \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 on\expndtw21 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 John, written\expndtw5 \expndtw0 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for\expndtw5 \expndtw0 determin\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- ing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 has\expndtw8 \expndtw0 held\expndtw7 \expndtw0 fast\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw9 \expndtw0 teaching\expndtw7 \expndtw0 about\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw6 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 versus\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 has\expndtw8 \expndtw0 depart\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and followed\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 teaching\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 secessionis’t\expndtw7 \expndtw0 oppon\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (cf.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 2:18-19).\expndtw6 \expndtw0 What\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw6 \expndtw0 say\expndtw5 \expndtw0 about the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 setting\expndtw15 \expndtw0 which\expndtw14 \expndtw0 produced\expndtw14 \expndtw0 these\expndtw15 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw15 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw15 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 comes\expndtw14 \expndtw0 vitally\expndtw15 \expndtw0 important\expndtw15 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0 their\expndtw15 \expndtw0 accurate\expndtw15 \expndtw0 inter\- pretation, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 but \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 also \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 for \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 our \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 und\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rstanding \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 how \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 their \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 teaching \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 can \expndtw-2“4 \expndtw0 be \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 applied \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 situations \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 in which we find ourselv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s today.\par \par What\expndtw21 \expndtw0 we\expndtw19 \expndtw0 can\expndtw18 \expndtw0 say\expndtw21 \expndtw0 about\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 setting\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 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are some important \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 lues:\par \f0\par BA\expndtw-4 C\expndtw0 K\expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OU\expndtw0 ND\f1 \expndtw-12 \expndtw0\f0 A\expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 D\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw-2\f0 S\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 TTI\expndtw0 NG\f1 \expndtw-7 \expndtw-2\f0 1\expndtw0 9\par \par \b\i\f1 (1\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Fa\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 iliar\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 wit\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 e\e•xpndtw0 c\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 pie\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ts\b0\i0\par \par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ince\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author\expndtw15 \expndtw0 does\expndtw14 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 introduce\expndtw15 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 re\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ders\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\expndtw15 \expndtw0 may\expndtw14 \expndtw0 assume that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 was\expndtw8 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ll\expndtw9 \expndtw0 known\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 them\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 needed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 introdu\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tion.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 He\expndtw9 \expndtw0 obviously\expndtw7 \expndtw0 felt\expndtw9 \expndtw0 no\expndtw6 \expndtw0 need\expndtw8 \expndtw0 eith\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to ident–ify\expndtw7 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw7 \expndtw0 invoke\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 position\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 early\expndtw5 \expndtw0 church\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 order\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 strengthen\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 authority.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 In passing,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 worth\expndtw5 \expndtw0 noting\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 reticence\expndtw3 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 part\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 name\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw3 \expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0\- sition is also a \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 haracteristic of the Gosp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l of John.\par —\par \b\i (2\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 A\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 tho\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 itat\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 v\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ss\b0\i0\par \par As\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 already\expndtw3 \expndtw0 observed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 our\expndtw3 \expndtw0 discussion\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthorship,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 writes\expndtw2 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 an air\expndtw17 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The first person plural pronouns whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h characteri\expndtw-3 z\expndtw0 e the prologu\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 (1 John 1:1-™4) have b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 en under\- stood by some scholars \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s nothing more th\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n a lit\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rary d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vice to identify the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor with the orig\- inal\expndtw5 \expndtw0 apostles.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 If\expndtw3 \expndtw0 taken\expndtw3 \expndtw0 at\expndtw5 \expndtw0 face\expndtw3 \expndtw0 value,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 they\expndtw3 \expndtw0 make\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 significant\expndtw3 \expndtw0 contribution\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthority with which the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor sp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aks.\par \par \b\i (3\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 pr\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 se\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 fal\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 e t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs\b0\i0\par \par It soon bšecomes \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 lear that f\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lse t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 achers are \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ausing troubl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 in the community to which the \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 author \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 writing \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 (2:27; \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 4:1). \expndtw-10 \expndtw0 These \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 author \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 labels \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 as \expndtw-4 \expndtw-2\i\ldblquote\expndtw0 antichrists\rdblquote \expndtw-9 \expndtw0\i0 (2:18) \expndtw-11 \expndtw0 and \expndtw-8 \expndtw-2\i\ldblquote\expndtw0 false prophets\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i0 (4:1).\expndtw10 \expndtw0 The\expndtw9 \expndtw0 strength\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 these\expndtw7 \expndtw0 labels\expndtw9 \expndtw0 for\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw9 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw9 \expndtw0 indicates\expndtw8 \expndtw0 both\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\›expndtw9 \expndtw0 depth of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 feeling\expndtw11 \expndtw0 about\expndtw9 \expndtw0 them\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 also\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 seriousness\expndtw8 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ir\expndtw11 \expndtw0 departure\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw9 \expndtw0 teaching about Jesus.\par \par \b\i (4\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 A \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 on\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 rov\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 in progr\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ss\b0\i0\par \par The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 controversy\expndtw3 \expndtw0 caused\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 false\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 achers\expndtw3 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 currently\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 progress,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ratœher than\expndtw9 \expndtw0 something\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw8 \expndtw0 happened\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 past,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 som\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 thing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 might\expndtw9 \expndtw0 happen\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 future.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 The purpose\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1\expndtw10 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 would\expndtw11 \expndtw0 then\expndtw11 \expndtw0 involve\expndtw11 \expndtw0 an\expndtw10 \expndtw0 attempt\expndtw11 \expndtw0 on\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw11 \expndtw0 part\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 str\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ngthen\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 encour\- age\expndtw19 \expndtw0 his\expndtw17 \expndtw0 followers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (Christi\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ns\expndtw18 \expndtw0 who\expndtw17 \expndtw0 hold\expndtw19 \expndtw0 faithfully\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw19 \expndtw0 te\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ching\expndtw19 \expndtw0 about\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Jesus)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 against these fals\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 teachers. (W\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 will have more to say \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 bout th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 purpose of 1 John later.)\par \par \b\i (5\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 S\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 sm i\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 C\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 rist\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 an \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 omm\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 nit\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 to \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 hi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aut\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 or wri\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 es\b0\i0\par \par 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 2:19,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 if\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\ežxpndtw13 \expndtw0 take\expndtw15 \expndtw0 it\expndtw13 \expndtw0 at\expndtw13 \expndtw0 face\expndtw15 \expndtw0 value,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 strongly\expndtw13 \expndtw0 suggests\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 false\expndtw15 \expndtw0 te\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 chers\expndtw15 \expndtw0 were originally\expndtw19 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c\expndtw0 ont\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ov\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rsy\b0\i0\par \par The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 root\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 this\expndtw13 \expndtw0 split\expndtw13 \expndtw0 or\expndtw13 \expndtw0 division\expndtw13 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 doctrinal\expndtw13 \expndtw0 controv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rsy,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 although\expndtw13 \expndtw0 there are\expndtw15 \expndtw0 ethical\expndtw15 \expndtw0 iss¡ues\expndtw14 \expndtw0 involved\expndtw14 \expndtw0 too\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (i.\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 attitude\expndtw15 \expndtw0 toward\expndtw15 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 love\expndtw15 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 brethren).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (1 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1:1-4)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 reminds\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 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nd\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote gone\expndtw13 \expndtw0 out\expndtw13 \expndtw0 into\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 world.\rdblquote\expndtw14 \expndtw0 At the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 cent\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 doctrinal\expndtw5 \expndtw0 controversy\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote people\expndtw5 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 do\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 conf\§expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw4 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw5 \expndtw0 coming\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 flesh\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (2\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 7),\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 confession\expndtw9 \expndtw0 virtually\expndtw7 \expndtw0 identical\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw7 \expndtw0 found\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 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a\expndtw0 tements about\expndtw11 \expndtw0 rewards\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 oth\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw11 \expndtw0 New\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw11 \expndtw0 te\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ching\expndtw11 \expndtw0 on\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 subject\expndtw9 \expndtw0 without\expndtw11 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 reful\expndtw11 \expndtw0 comparison\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 individuªal\expndtw9 \expndtw0 contexts.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Whether\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 loss\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 reward\expndtw9 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 embr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ces\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 teaching of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 opposed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 merely\expndtw9 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This is s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rious business ind\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ed.\par \par \b\i (10\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 It\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rant \expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 als\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ac\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ers\b0\i0\par \par 2\expndtw2 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 10-11\expndtw3 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 indicate\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw3 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ve\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sent\expndtw3 \expndtw0 out\expndtw3 \expndtw0 traveling\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote missionar\- ies\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 or\expndtw3 \expndtw0 teachers\expndtw3 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \¬expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 att\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 mpting\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote convert\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 members\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 recipients\rquote\expndtw3 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of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw18 \expndtw0 describes the group which has left as made up of \lquote antichrists\rquote and \lquote false prophets\rquote (strong language by any account).\par \- \f0 BA\expndtw-4 C\expndtw0 K\expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OU\expndtw0 ND\f1 \expndtw-12 \expndtw0\f0 A\expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 D\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw-2\f0 S\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 TTI\expndtw0 NG\f1 \expndtw-7 \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 1\f1 \par \par This\expndtw7 \expndtw0 group\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (which\expndtw6 \expndtw0 has\expndtw4 \expndtw0 °split\expndtw7 \expndtw0 off\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 withdr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 wn\expndtw7 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 community\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 writ\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 continuing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 propagate\expndtw5 \expndtw0 its\expndtw3 \expndtw0 own\expndtw5 \expndtw0 beli\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 fs.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 secessionists\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 seeking to win converts for their own views, even from among th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 community to whi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h they form\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rly be\- longed.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 In\expndtw9 \expndtw0 light\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 threat,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a±uthor\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 both\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 reassure\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 strengthen\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the faithful\expndtw7 \expndtw0 members\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 community,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 warn\expndtw7 \expndtw0 them\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 continue\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 resist\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 proselytizing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 ef\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- forts\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 false\expndtw1 \expndtw0 teachers\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 gone\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 out\expndtw1 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expndtw0 among\expndtw1 \expndtw0 them.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 In\expndtw1 ²\expndtw0 2\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to a \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 particul\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 r \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 congregation \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 warn \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lievers \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 there \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 against \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 giving \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 aid \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 shelter \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 false teachers in their ongoing missionary \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 fforts.\par \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 2\f1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\f0 IN\expndtw-4 T\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OD\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 CT\expndtw0 I\expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 N\par \par \par \b\f1 A\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 i\expndtw³0 tio\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 al B\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 bl\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ogra\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 hy\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 Ba\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 kg\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 oun\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 an\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 S\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 i\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g of \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Joha\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 n\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Le\expndtw-2 tt\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 s\b0\par \par Boismard,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 M.-E.\expndtw5 \expndtw0\ldblquote The\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 irst\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Writings\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Qumran.\rdblquote\expndtw4 \expndtw0 In\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i John\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Qumran\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i0 , pp. 156-65. Edited by J. H. Charlesworth. London: Ch\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 pman, 1972.\par´ \par Brown, \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 Raymond \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 E. \expndtw-20 \expndtw0\ldblquote The \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 Qumran \expndtw-20 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 crolls \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 and \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 Johannine \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 Gospel \expndtw-19 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 Epistles.\rdblquote \expndtw-8 \expndtw0\i Catholic Biblical Quarterly\i0 17 (1955): 403-19, 559-74.\par \par \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ilson,\expndtw4 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 loyd\expndtw3 \expndtw0 V.\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote The\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ignificance\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Early\expndtw3 \expndtw0 House\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Churches.\rdblquote\expndtw10 \expndtw0\i Journal\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Biblical\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 L\expndtw0 iterature \i0 58 (1939): 105-12.\par \par Griffith,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Terry.\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote A\expndtw9 \eµxpndtw0 Non-polemi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 al\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Reading\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John:\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 in,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Christology\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Limits\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Johan\- nine Community.\rdblquote\expndtw1 \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 yndale Bull\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tin\i0 49 (1998): 253-76. \par \par Hoffman, T. A. \ldblquote I John and the Qumr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n S\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 rolls.\rdblquote \i Biblical Theology Bull\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tin\i0 8 (1978): 117-25. \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 iper,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 O.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 A.\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote I\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Didache\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 rimitive\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Church.\rdblquote\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i Journal\expndt¶w5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Biblical\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 L\expndtw0 iterature\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i0 66 (1947): 437-51.\par \par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 onger,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 H.\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 .\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Life\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ituation\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nnine\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Epistles.\rdblquote\expndtw20 \expndtw0\i Review\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 Expositor\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i0 67\expndtw14 \expndtw0 (1970): 399-409.\par \par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 treeter, \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 B. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 H. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0\ldblquote The \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Epistles \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-15 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 t. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 John.\rdblquote \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 In \expndtw-17 \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 he \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 Primitive \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Church·\i0 , \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 pp. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 86-101. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 New \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 York: Macmillan, 1929.\par \expndtw-2\f0\par T\expndtw0 HE\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw-2\f0 O\expndtw0 P\expndtw-4 P\expndtw0 O\expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 NT\expndtw0 S\f1 \expndtw-15 \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 3\par \par \b\f1 T\expndtw-4 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw-12 \expndtw-2 Au\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 or\expndtw-11\rquote\expndtw0 s O\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 po\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 n\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 s and\expndtw-5 \expndtw-2 Th\expndtw0 eir\expndtw-10 \expndtw-22 T\expndtw0 eac\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 g i\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 1 Jo\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 n\b0\par \par Trying\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 diagnose\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 theological\expndtw5 ¸\expndtw0 position\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 lit\- tle\expndtw15 \expndtw0 like\expndtw15 \expndtw0 trying\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 reconstruct\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 telephone\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onversation\expndtw15 \expndtw0 by\expndtw14 \expndtw0 listening\expndtw15 \expndtw0 only\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 party\expndtw15 \expndtw0 at\expndtw15 \expndtw0 one\expndtw15 \expndtw0 end. There\expndtw9 \expndtw0 are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 several\expndtw7 \expndtw0 important\expndtw9 \expndtw0 fa\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tors\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 consider\expndtw9 \expndtw0 before\expndtw7 \expndtw0 attempting\expndtw7 \expndtw0 an\expndtw8 \expndtw0 analysis\ex¹pndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 views\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the adversaries:\par \par (1)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 presentation\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponent\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 views\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 can\expndtw13 \expndtw0 hardly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a sympathetic\expndtw15 \expndtw0 one,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 it\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 common\expndtw15 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0 people\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 feel\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 their\expndtw15 \expndtw0 views\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw15 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 en\expndtw14 \expndtw0 accuratelºy represented\expndtw2 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 an\expndtw3 \expndtw0 adversary\expndtw5 \expndtw0 intent\expndtw3 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw5 \expndtw0 unfavorable\expndtw3 \expndtw0 presentation.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Thus\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 cannot\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 absolut\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ly sure\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw3 \expndtw0 would\expndtw3 \expndtw0 agree\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 way\expndtw3 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ir\expndtw3 \expndtw0 positions\expndtw3 \expndtw0 were\expndtw3 \expndtw0 being\expndtw3 \expndtw0 portrayed.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (This\expndtw3 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s nothing\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 do\expndtw14 \expndtw0 with\expndtw13 \expndtw0 whether\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\exp»ndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 was\expndtw12 \expndtw0 accurate\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 his\expndtw13 \expndtw0 portrayal;\expndtw15 \expndtw0 it\expndtw13 \expndtw0 only\expndtw15 \expndtw0 concerns whether the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts would have \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 greed with his portr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 yal of them.)\par \par (2) It is also diffi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ult to tell wh\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n the quot\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 tions of the opponents\rquote vi\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ws \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 re direct (i.e., verbatim)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and when\expndtw1 \expndtw0 they\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 being\expndtw3 \expndtw0 par\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 phrased\expndtw3 \expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0 placed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 idiom\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1¼\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 for his own purposes in the deb\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 te, or perhaps to bring out implications of th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 opposing view that the opponents themselv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s might not have r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 alized.\par \par (3)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 When\expndtw16 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 oppon\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts\rquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 views\expndtw17 \expndtw0 are\expndtw19 \expndtw0 being\expndtw17 \expndtw0 quoted\expndtw18 \expndtw0 dir\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ctly,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 it\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 without\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 benefit\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of context,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 so\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 completely\expndtw5 \expndtw0 dependent\expndtw5 \expndtw0 on\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw½0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 for\expndtw7 \expndtw0 clu\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 how\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 op\- ponents\rquote claims should b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 understood.\par \par (4)\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 urthermore,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 it\expndtw9 \expndtw0 may\expndtw8 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 sked\expndtw8 \expndtw0 whether\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 are\expndtw9 \expndtw0 correct\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 assuming\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 reas\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not mentioned by the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 would\expndtw1 \expndtw0 be\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 general\expndtw1 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 greement\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 his\expndtw1 \expndtw0¾ adversaries. This\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is probably the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ase, but it is difficult to prove.\par \par With all th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 se qu\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lifications and w\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rnings in mind on\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 may wond\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r about th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 possibili\-ty\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 success\expndtw12 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 constructing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 any\expndtw13 \expndtw0 portrait\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw13 \expndtw0 their\expndtw13 \expndtw0 teaching\expndtw13 \expndtw0 as\expndtw12 \expndtw0 addressed\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1 John.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 But\expndtw13 \expndtw0 it\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 necess\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ry\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 keep\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 mind\expndtw13¿ \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 difficulties\expndtw12 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 reconstructing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents\rquote\expndtw11 \expndtw0 views lest we b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 come ov\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rly dogmatic \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 bout th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 accuracy of our \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 xegesis in regard to their positions.\par \par \b Passages \expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Joha\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ni\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 e \expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 pis\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s Wh\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ri\expndtw-3 b\expndtw0 e \expndtw-2 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e O\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 po\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ts\expndtw-2\b0\rquote\expndtw0\b T\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ac\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ing\b0\par \par It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 will\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 helÀpful\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 discussing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 views\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 if\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 start\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a list\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 passages\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Epistles which\expndtw3 \expndtw0 app\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ar\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 describe\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 their\expndtw1 \expndtw0 teachings.\par \par \b Note:\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b0 English\expndtw21 \expndtw0 verse\expndtw21 \expndtw0 quotations\expndtw21 \expndtw0 from\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 NET\expndtw21 \expndtw0 BI\expndtw-2 B\expndtw0 LEÁ \expndtw6 \expndtw0 are\expndtw21 \expndtw0 given\expndtw21 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 order\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 make analysis\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 summary\expndtw1 \expndtw0 easier\expndtw1 \expndtw0 for\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 reader.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 relevant\expndtw3 \expndtw0 portions\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 text\expndtw1 \expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 highlighted\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in italics.\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir att\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tud\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 to\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 ard Jes\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \par (1)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b 2:18\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0 Children,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 it\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 last\expndtwÂ15 \expndtw0 hour,\expndtw16 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw14 \expndtw0 just\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as\expndtw14 \expndtw0 you\expndtw14 \expndtw0 heard\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Antichrist\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is coming,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 so\expndtw4 \expndtw0 now\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i many\expndtw5 \expndtw0 antichrists\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i0 have\expndtw5 \expndtw0 app\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ared.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 We\expndtw5 \expndtw0 know\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 last\expndtw5 \expndtw0 hour.\expndtw14 \expndtw0\b 2:19 \b0 They\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i went\expndtw9 \expndtw0 out\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 us,\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 they\expndtw8 \expndtw0 did\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 really\expndtw9 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 long\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtÃw9 \expndtw0 us,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 because\expndtw9 \expndtw0 if\expndtw9 \expndtw0 they\expndtw8 \expndtw0 had\expndtw8 \expndtw0 belonged\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 us, they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 would\expndtw5 \expndtw0 have\expndtw5 \expndtw0 remained\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 us.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 But\expndtw5 \expndtw0 they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 went\expndtw5 \expndtw0 out\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 us\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 demonstrate\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 all\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 them\expndtw5 \expndtw0 do not belong to us.\par \par (2)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b 2:22\expndtw17 \expndtw-3\b0 W\expndtw0 ho\expndtw16 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 liar\expndtw15 \expndtw0 but\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 person\expndtw15 \expndtw0 who\expndtw17 \expndtw0\i denies\expndtw14 \Äexpndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 J\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sus\expndtw16 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Christ? \i0 This\expndtw3 \expndtw0 one\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i Antichrist:\expndtw3 \expndtw0\i0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 person\expndtw3 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 deni\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on.\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b 2:23\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0 Everyone\expndtw3 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 de\- nies the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on does not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather\expndtw1 \expndtw0 either. The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 person\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 confesses the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 has the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ath\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtwÅ1 \expndtw0 al\- so.\par \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 4\f1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\f0 IN\expndtw-4 T\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OD\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 CT\expndtw0 I\expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 N\par \par \f1 (3)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b 4:1\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0 Dear\expndtw15 \expndtw0 friends,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 do\expndtw14 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lieve\expndtw15 \expndtw0 every\expndtw15 \expndtw0 spirit,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 but\expndtw15 \expndtw0 test\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 spirits\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 deter\- mine\expndtw17 \expndtw0 if\expndtw17 \expndtw0 they\expndtw17 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 because\expndtw17 \expndtw0 many\expndtw16 \expndtw0 false\expndtw17 \expndtw0 prophets\expndtw17 \expndtw0 haveÆ\expndtw17 \expndtw0 gone\expndtw17 \expndtw0 out\expndtw17 \expndtw0 into\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 world.\expndtw20 \expndtw0\b 4:2\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b0 By this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 you\expndtw7 \expndtw0 know\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 pirit\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God:\expndtw9 \expndtw0 every\expndtw7 \expndtw0 spirit\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 confesses\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw8 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw8 \expndtw0 come\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 flesh is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expndtw0 God,\expndtw4 \expndtw0\b 4:3\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i every\expndtw1 \expndtw0 spirit\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 does not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 confess Jesus is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expnÇdtw0 God;\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is the spirit of the \i Antichrist,\i0 that you h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ve h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ard is coming, and now is alre\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 dy in the world.\par \par (4)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b 4:6\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b0 We\expndtw9 \expndtw0 are\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God;\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 person\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw11 \expndtw0 knows\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 listens\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 us,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 but\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i who\- ever is not from God do\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s not listen to us.\i0 By this we know th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 Spirit of truth and the spirit of de\- ceit.\par \par (5)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b 5:5\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b0 Now\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtwÈ0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 person\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 has\expndtw12 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onquered\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 world\expndtw13 \expndtw0 except\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one who\expndtw15 \expndtw0 believes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw14 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 God?\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b 5:6\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0 Jesus\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ame\expndtw15 \expndtw0 by\expndtw13 \expndtw0 water\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and blood\emdash\i not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 water only,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 water\expndtw1 \expndtw0 andÉ\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 blood. And\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 pirit\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 one\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 testi\- fies, because th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Spirit is the truth.\par \par (6)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b 5:10\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b0 (The\expndtw11 \expndtw0 one\expndtw11 \expndtw0 who\expndtw11 \expndtw0 beli\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ves\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 him\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- self;\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw11 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 does\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 believe\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 has\Êexpndtw8 \expndtw0 made\expndtw9 \expndtw0 him\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 liar,\expndtw18 \expndtw0\i because\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 believed\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the testimony that God has testified \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 oncerning his Son.\i0 )\par \par (7)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 [2\expndtw19 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw19 \expndtw0\b 7\expndtw18 \expndtw-2\b0 F\expndtw0 or\expndtw19 \expndtw0 many\expndtw18 \expndtw0 deceivers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 have\expndtw19 \expndtw0 gone\expndtw19 \expndtw0 out\expndtw19 \expndtw0 into\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 world,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 people\expndtw19 \expndtw0 who\expndtw19 \expndtw0\i do\expndtw18 \expndtw0 not confess J\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sus as Christ coming in the fl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sh. \i0 This person is the D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ceiver \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd the Anti\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 hrist!\par \par (8)Ë\expndtw3 \expndtw0 [2\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b 9\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\i Everyone\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 goes\expndtw2 \expndtw0 on\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ahead\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 does\expndtw2 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 remain\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 teaching\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about Christ\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i0 does not have God. Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 on\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 who remains in this tea\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hing has both the \expndtw-3 F\expndtw0 ather and th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Son.\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir att\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tud\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 to\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 ard th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 wor\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 d\b0\i0\par \par (1)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b 2:15\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0\i Do\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 love\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndÌtw0 world\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i0 or\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 things\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 world.\expndtw8 \expndtw0\i If\expndtw9 \expndtw0 anyone\expndtw7 \expndtw0 loves\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the world,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 love\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Father\expndtw2 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 him;\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i0 2:16\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 cause\expndtw3 \expndtw0 all\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 world\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 desire\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the flesh\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sire\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 eyes\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8Í \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 arrogance\expndtw7 \expndtw0 produced\expndtw6 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 material\expndtw7 \expndtw0 possessions)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from the Father, but is from th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 world.\par \par (2)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b 4:1\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0 Dear\expndtw15 \expndtw0 friends,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 do\expndtw14 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lieve\expndtw15 \expndtw0 every\expndtw15 \expndtw0 spirit,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 but\expndtw15 \expndtw0 test\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 spirits\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 deter\-mine if they ar\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 from God, because\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i many fals\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 prophets ha\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 e gon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 out into the world.\i0\par \par (3)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw1Î7 \expndtw0\b 4:5\expndtw13 \expndtw-2\b0\i T\expndtw0 hey\expndtw13 \expndtw0 are\expndtw15 \expndtw0 from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 world;\expndtw17 \expndtw0\i0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 refore\expndtw15 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 y\expndtw14 \expndtw0 speak\expndtw13 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 world\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 perspective \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd the world listens to them.\par \par (4)\expndtw21 \expndtw0 [2\expndtw19 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b 7\expndtw18 \expndtw-2\b0 F\expndtw0 or\expndtw21 \expndtw0 many\expndtw18 \expndtw0 deceivers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 have\expndtw21 \expndtw0\i gone\expndtw19 \expndtw0 out\expndtw21 \expndtw0 into\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 world,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\i0 people\expndtw19 \expndtw0 who\expndtw21 \expndtw0 do\expndtw18 \expndtw0 not confess Jesus \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s Christ coming in the fl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sh. This person is thÏe D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ceiver \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd the Anti\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 hrist!\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir att\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tud\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 to\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 ard sin\b0\i0\par \par (1)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b 1:6\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b0 If\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 say\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 him\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 yet\expndtw3 \expndtw0 keep\expndtw3 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 walking\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the darkness, \i0 we are lying \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd not practicing the truth.\par \par (2)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b 1:8\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b0 If\expndtw11 \expndtw0 we\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i say\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 do\expndtw13 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1Ð1 \expndtw0 bear\expndtw12 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 guilt\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\i0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 are\expndtw11 \expndtw0 deceiving\expndtw11 \expndtw0 ourselves and the truth is not in us.\par \par (3)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b 1:10\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0 If\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0\i say\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sinned,\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 make\expndtw3 \expndtw0 him\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 liar\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 word\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 not in us.\par \par (4)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b 2:4\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 says\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote I\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hÑave\expndtw9 \expndtw0 come\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 know\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God\rdblquote\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 yet\expndtw7 \expndtw0 does\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 keep his commandments\i0 is a li\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 r, and th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 truth is not in such \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 person.\par \par (5)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b 2:6\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 says\expndtw6 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 resides\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ought\expndtw7 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i walk\expndtw7 \expndtw0 just\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Je\-sus walked.\i0\par \expndtw-2\f0\par T\expndtw0 HE\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw-2\f0 O\expndtw0 P\expndtw-4 P\expndtw0 O\expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 NT\expndtw0 S\f1 Ò \expndtw-15 \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 5\par \par \f1 (6)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b 3:3\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0 And\expndtw7 \expndtw0 everyone\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 has\expndtw6 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hope\expndtw7 \expndtw0 focused\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw7 \expndtw0 him\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i purifies\expndtw6 \expndtw0 himself,\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i0 just as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 pure).\expndtw12 \expndtw0\b 3:4\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b0 Everyone\expndtw11 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i practices\expndtw10 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i0 also\expndtw11 \expndtw0 practi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 es\expndtw10 \expndtw0 lawlessness;\expndtw11 \expndtw0 indeed,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \eÓxpndtw0 law\- lessness.\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b 3:5\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0 And\expndtw1 \expndtw0 you\expndtw3 \expndtw0 know\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus was\expndtw2 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 vealed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 take\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 way\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sins,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 him\expndtw1 \expndtw0 there\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 no\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sin. \b 3:6 \expndtw-15 \expndtw0\b0\i Everyone \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 who \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 resides \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 him \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 does \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 not \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 sin; \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 everyone \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 who \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 sins \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 has \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 neither \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 seen \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 him \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 nor known him.\i0\par \par (7) \expndtw-23 \expÔndtw0 [1\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John] \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\b 3:7 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\b0 Little\expndtw22 \expndtw0 children,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 t \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 no\expndtw21 \expndtw0 one \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 deceive\expndtw21 \expndtw0 you: \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 one\expndtw21 \expndtw0 who \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 practices\expndtw20 \expndtw0 righ\- teousness is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 righteous,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 just\expndtw1 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s Jesus is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 righteous.\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b 3:8\expndtw1 \expndtw-2\b0\i T\expndtw0 he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 one\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 practices sin\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 devil,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\i0 be\- cause\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 devil\expndtw17 \expndtw0 has\expndtw18 \expndtw0 been\expndtw16 \expndtw0 sinning\expndtw19 \expndtw0 from\expndtw17 \expndtwÕ0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ginning.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 For\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw19 \expndtw0 purpose\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw18 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God\expndtw19 \expndtw0 was\expndtw16 \expndtw0 re\- vealed: to destroy th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 works of the d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vil.\par \par (8)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b 3:9\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0\i Everyone\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fathered\expndtw1 \expndtw0 by\expndtw3 \expndtw0 God\expndtw1 \expndtw0 does\expndtw2 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 practice\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\i0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 cause\expndtw1 \expndtw0 God\rquote s seed\expndtw5 \expndtw0 resid\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw4 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 him,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expÖndtw3 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 able\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 be\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ause\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 has\expndtw4 \expndtw0 be\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw5 \expndtw0 fathered\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 God.\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b 3:10\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b0 By this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 children\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 children\expndtw8 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 devil\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw9 \expndtw0 revealed:\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i everyone\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 does\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 prac\- tice righteousn\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss\emdash the one who does not love his f\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 llow Christian\emdash is not of God.\i0\par \par (9)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Joh×n]\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b 5:18\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b0 We\expndtw11 \expndtw0 know\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i everyone\expndtw11 \expndtw0 fathered\expndtw11 \expndtw0 by\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 does\expndtw10 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i0 but\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 pro\-tects the on\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 has f\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 thered \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vil one \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 annot tou\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h him.\par \par (10)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 [3\expndtw19 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b 11\expndtw18 \expndtw0\b0 Dear\expndtw19 \expndtw0 friends,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 do\expndtw18 \expndtw0 not\expndtw19 \expndtw0 imitate\expndtw19 \expndtw0 what\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 bad\expndtw18 \expndtw0 but\expndtw19 \expndtw0 what\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 good.\expndtw17 \expndtw0 TheØ\expndtw19 \expndtw0 one who does good is of God;\expndtw-2 \expndtw0\i the one who does what is bad has not s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 en God.\i0\par \par \b\i Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir att\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tud\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 to\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 ard th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 brot\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ers a\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 d sist\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs\b0\i0\par \par (1)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b 2:9\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i says\expndtw6 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 light\expndtw7 \expndtw0 but\expndtw7 \expndtw0 still\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hates\expndtw6 \expndtw0 his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 fellow\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Christian \i0 is still in the d\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rkness.\par \par (2)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b 3:10\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0 By\exÙpndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 children\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 God\expndtw1 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 children\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 devil\expndtw1 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 revealed: everyone\expndtw3 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 does not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 practice\expndtw1 \expndtw0 righteousness\emdash\i the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 one\expndtw3 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 does\expndtw2 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 love\expndtw1 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fellow\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Christian\i0\emdash is not of God.\par \par (3)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b 3:11\expndtw17 \expndtw-4\b0 F\expndtw0 or\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw0 message\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 youÚ\expndtw16 \expndtw0 have\expndtw15 \expndtw0 heard\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 begin\- ning:\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw13 \expndtw0 should\expndtw13 \expndtw0 love\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 another,\expndtw16 \expndtw0\b 3:12\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b0\i not\expndtw13 \expndtw0 like\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Cain\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 evil\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 brutally murdered\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 brother.\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i0 And\expndtw9 \expndtw0 why\expndtw9 \expndtw0 did\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 murder\expndtw9 \expndtw0 him?\expndtw9 \expndtw0 B\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 cause\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 deeds\expndtw8 \expndtw0 were\expndtw9 \expndtw0 evil,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Ûhis\expndtw9 \expndtw0 broth\- er\rquote s were right\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ous.\par \par (4)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw19 \expndtw0\b 3:14\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0 We\expndtw15 \expndtw0 know\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw17 \expndtw0 crossed\expndtw14 \expndtw0 over\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0 death\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 life\expndtw15 \expndtw0 because\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we love \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 our \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 fellow \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Christians. \expndtw-19 \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 he \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 one \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 who \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 does \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 not \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 love \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 remains \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 death. \expndtw-16 \expndtw0\b\i0 3:15 \expndtw-19 \expndtw0\b0\i Everyone \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 who hates\expndtw4 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtÜw0 fellow\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 murderer,\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 you\expndtw3 \expndtw0 know\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 no\expndtw5 \expndtw0 murder\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw5 \expndtw0 has\expndtw2 \expndtw0 eternal\expndtw5 \expndtw0 life\expndtw3 \expndtw0 residing in him.\par \par (5)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 [1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John]\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b 3:17\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b0 But\expndtw11 \expndtw0 whoever\expndtw13 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 world\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 possessions\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sees\expndtw10 \expndtw0 his\expndtw13 \expndtw0 fellow\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Chris\- tian\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 need\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw10 \expndtw0\i shuts\expndtw9 \expndtw0 off\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 compassion\expndtw7 \expndtwÝ0 against\expndtw9 \expndtw0 him,\expndtw12 \expndtw0\i0 how\expndtw7 \expndtw0 can\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 love\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God\expndtw9 \expndtw0 reside\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 such\expndtw6 \expndtw0 a person?\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b 3:18\b0 Little \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 hildren, l\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 t us not love with word or with tongue but in deed \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd truth.\par \par (6) \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 [1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 John] \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\b 4:8 \expndtw-23 \expndtw-2\b0\i T\expndtw0 he \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 person \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 who \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 does \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 not \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 love \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 does \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 not \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 know \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 God, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\i0 because \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 God \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 is love.\par \par (7) [1 John]\b 4:2\expndtw-2 0\expndtw0\b0 If anyone says Þ\expndtw-2\ldblquote\expndtw0 I lov\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 God\rdblquote \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd yet\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i hates his fellow Christian,\i0 he is a liar,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 because\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 does\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 love\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 fellow\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw9 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw7 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 has\expndtw6 \expndtw0 seen\expndtw8 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 annot\expndtw9 \expndtw0 love\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God whom\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 has\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 seen.\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b\i0 4:21\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b0 And\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 commandm\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 have\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 him\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this:\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\eßxpndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who loves God should love his fellow Christian too.\par \par \b A\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 gi\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g Pic\expndtw-2 t\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 O\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 po\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ts \expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n 1 John\b0\par \par As we \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ttempt to draw \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 picture of the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts b\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 sed on the statements \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 bove, sever\-al key f\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ctors \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd observations \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 merge, as follows:\par \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 6\f1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\f0 IN\expndtw-4 T\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OD\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 CT\expndtw0 I\expndtw-2 O\expndtwà0 N\par \par \b\i\f1 (1\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 A \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 as\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 har\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 smati\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 C\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 rist\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 an prop\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 y r\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 n a\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 ok?\b0\i0\par \par It\expndtw5 \expndtw0 has\expndtw2 \expndtw0 been\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sugg\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sted\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (among\expndtw3 \expndtw0 other\expndtw5 \expndtw0 things)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 was\expndtw2 \expndtw0 faced\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 an outbreak \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 charismatic \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 Christian \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 prophecy \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 run \expndtw-19 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 mok, \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 with \expndtw-19 \eáxpndtw0 some \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 similarities \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 Cor \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 12-14. True,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 there\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw3 \expndtw0 referenc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 putting\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 pirits\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 test\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 false\expndtw3 \expndtw0 proph\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ts\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 4:1),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 I can\expndtw2 \expndtw0 find\expndtw1 \expndtw0 no\expndtw2 \expndtw0 indic\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ecstatic\expndtw3 \expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0 uncontrolled\expndtw1 \expndtw0 behavior\expndtw3 \expndtw0 like\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 spiriâtual\expndtw1 \expndtw0 enthusiasts\expndtw1 \expndtw0 at\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Corinth appear\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 exhibited.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 false\expndtw13 \expndtw0 prophets\expndtw13 \expndtw0 are\expndtw13 \expndtw0 chall\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nged\expndtw13 \expndtw0 on\expndtw13 \expndtw0 their\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Christological\expndtw13 \expndtw0 views\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (what they\expndtw10 \expndtw0 assert\expndtw9 \expndtw0 or\expndtw11 \expndtw0 f\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 il\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 assert\expndtw11 \expndtw0 about\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 4:2-3)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 rath\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw11 \expndtw0 than\expndtw8 \expndtw0 on\expndtw11 \expndtw0 their\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ecstatic\expndtw9 \expndtw0 practices,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and their\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statem\expndtw-3 e\expnãdtw0 nts\expndtw13 \expndtw0 do\expndtw10 \expndtw0 not\expndtw13 \expndtw0 seem\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 spontaneous,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 but\expndtw13 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ther\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 settled\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 perhaps\expndtw10 \expndtw0 organized\expndtw13 \expndtw0 doc\- trine which\expndtw-2 \expndtw0\i contradicts\i0 the do\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 trine of the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor.\par \par \b\i (2\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 A d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 al o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 apostoli\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 au\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 hori\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 y\b0\i0\par \par The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 accuses\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 failing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 list\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 häim\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 4:6),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 if\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are correct\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 our\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onclusion\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 was\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 would\expndtw7 \expndtw0 amount\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 denial\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of apostolic\expndtw15 \expndtw0 authority\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (note\expndtw15 \expndtw0 especially\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 reg\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rd\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 prologue,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 1:1-4,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 which\expndtw14 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 assume not only aån authoritativ\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 tone, but \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 yewitness testimony \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 bout who Jesus is).\par \par \b\i (3\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 S\expndtw-2 ec\expndtw0 ess\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 onis\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \par The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw1 \expndtw0 appear\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 withdrawn\expndtw3 \expndtw0 thems\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lves\expndtw2 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\rquote s community,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 since\expndtw17 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 y\expndtw16 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw0 constantly\expndtw17 \expndtw0 referred\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote having\expndtw17 \expndtw0 gone\expndtw17 \expndtw0 out\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw17 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 mong\expndtw17 \expndtw0 us\rdblquote\expndtw17 \expændtw0 (1\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John 2:18-19,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 4:1,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 2\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 7).\expndtw10 \expndtw0 This\expndtw9 \expndtw0 withdrawal\expndtw9 \expndtw0 app\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ars\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 voluntary\expndtw9 \expndtw0 on\expndtw8 \expndtw0 their\expndtw9 \expndtw0 part,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e\expndtw9 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 mention is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 made\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 their\expndtw1 \expndtw0 being\expndtw1 \expndtw0 forced\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 leave\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 community.\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John, the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 withdrawal\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 demonstrates\expndtçw4 \expndtw0 conclusively\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 had\expndtw6 \expndtw0 never\expndtw5 \expndtw0 really\expndtw7 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 longed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 first\expndtw5 \expndtw0 place\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (1 John 2:19).\par \par \b\i (4\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Pros\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 y\expndtw0 tizi\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g e\expndtw-2 ff\expndtw0 orts\b0\i0\par \par The sec\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ssionist opponents still constitute \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 thre\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t to the author\rquote s \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ommunity, however, because th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 y appear to be s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nding out teachers (1 John 2:27, 2 John 9, 10, 11) to try and win ov\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r more \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 author\rquote s \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 followers \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 (resisting \expndtw-21 è \expndtw0 this \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 missionary \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 effort \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 by \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 opponents \expndtw-21 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onstitutes \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 a major\expndtw5 \expndtw0 purpose\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 2\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 3\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John).\expndtw6 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 uch\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ttempts\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 proselytize\expndtw5 \expndtw0 others\expndtw5 \expndtw0 suggest\expndtw5 \expndtw0 an organized\expndtw9 \expndtw0 effort\expndtw9 \expndtw0 on\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 part\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 advers\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ries.\expndtw9 \expndtw0 There\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 good\expndtw8 \expndtw0 reason\expndtw8 \expndtw0 for\expndtw9 é\expndtw0 thinking\expndtw9 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 split\expndtw9 \expndtw0 has taken\expndtw7 \expndtw0 place\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 2:19),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw7 \expndtw0 now\expndtw7 \expndtw0 constitute\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 community\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 their\expndtw7 \expndtw0 own, just as thoroughly committed \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 author\rquote s to spreading th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir und\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rstanding of who Jesus is.\par \par \b\i (5\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Mor\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 me\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ous and p\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ospero\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 s?\b0\i0\par \par Although\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 difficult\expndtw5 \expndtêw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 certain,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 there\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hints\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 text\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 oppo\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- nents\rquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 community\expndtw5 \expndtw0 may\expndtw6 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 at\expndtw5 \expndtw0 least\expndtw7 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 numerous\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 2:18\expndtw5 \expndtw0 [\ldblquote many\rdblquote ];\expndtw7 \expndtw0 4:5\expndtw5 \expndtw0 [hints at\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 success\expndtw4 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 secessionists,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 cf.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\eëxpndtw4 \expndtw0 12:19;\expndtw7 \expndtw0 also\expndtw5 \expndtw0 note\expndtw7 \expndtw0 negative\expndtw5 \expndtw0 connotations\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 8:23]) and possibly more well-to-do (1 John 2:15-16; 3:17-18).\cf1\b\up4 25\cf0\b0\up0\par \par \b\i (6\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 M\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ltip\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 e gro\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ps of oppo\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ts?\b0\i0\par \par We\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 divided\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 statements\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Epistles\expndtw14 \expndtw0 pertaining\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents into\expndtw3 \expndtw0 four\expndtw3 \expndtw0 major\expndtw3 \expndtw0 categories,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 listed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 above:\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Their\expndìtw3 \expndtw0 attitude\expndtw3 \expndtw0 toward\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus;\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (2)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Their\expndtw3 \expndtw0 attitude\expndtw1 \expndtw0 toward the world; (3) Their \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ttitude tow\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rd sin; and (4) Their attitude tow\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rd th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 brothers \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd sisters. 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\expndtw0 (\i Christ\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i0 and\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i Son\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God\i0 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 but\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 subject\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (\i Jesu\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 ).\expndtw6 \expndtw0 When\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthor\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 talks about\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lking\expndtw9 \expndtw0 about\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i Jesus\expndtw8 \expndtw0 come\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0ý the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 flesh\expndtw12 \expndtw0\i0 (1\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 4:2-3,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 2\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 7),\expndtw10 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 im\- portance of the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 arthly care\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r of Jesus, including His sacrificial d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ath (\ldblquote the blood,\rdblquote 1 John 5:5-6). \b Note: \b0 Although \expndtw-3 \expndtw0 the opponents \expndtw-3 \expndtw0 have \expndtw-3 \expndtw0 sometimes been \expndtw-3 \expndtw0 identified \expndtw-3 \expndtw0 with the \expndtw-3 \expndtw0 Docetists against\expndtw13 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Ignatius\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Antioch\expndtw11 \expndtw0 wrote,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 stress\expndtw10 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 þ\expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 does\expndtw10 \expndtw0 not\expndtw13 \expndtw0 seem\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be on the\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i reality\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 humanity\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (as if\expndtw1 \expndtw0 against\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Docetist\expndtw1 \expndtw0 view)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0\i importance\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote earthly c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 reer, especially His sacrificial d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ath on the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ross.\par \par \b\i (10\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 A\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 oida\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of \expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 oral \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rror\b0\i0\par \par How\expndtw7 \expndtw0 does\expndtw4 \expndtw0 all\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 rel\expndtw-3 a\expndÿtw0 te\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 second\expndtw5 \expndtw0 major\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rea\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 dispute\expndtw7 \expndtw0 betwe\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\par John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 insistence\expndtw5 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ethic\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw5 \expndtw0 commandments\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 avoidance\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 moral error\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (points\expndtw15 \expndtw0 2,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 3,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw17 \expndtw0 4\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 list\expndtw17 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 bove)?\expndtw17 \expndtw0 The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author\expndtw17 \expndtw0 warns\expndtw15 \expndtw0 about\expndtw15 \expndtw0 walking\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 darkness\expndtw14 \expndtw0 (1\par John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1:6),\expndtw12 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 acknowledging\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (1:8,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1:10),\expndtw12 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 k\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 eping\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 commandments\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (2:4),\expndtw12 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 follow\-\par ing the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 xample of Christ (2:6, 3:3-6), and committing sin (3:3-6, 3:7-8, 3:9-10).\par \par \b\i (11\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r lib\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rt\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s nor a\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ti\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 omians\b0\i0\par \par We\expndtw13 \expndtw0 might\expndtw13 \expndtw0 draw\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 conclusion\expndtw13 \expndtw0 from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statem\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 previous\expndtw13 \expndtw0 paragraph\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the opponents\expndtw9 \expndtw0 were\expndtw9 \expndtw0 libertines\expndtw8 \expndtw0 or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 antinomians\expndtw8 \expndtw0 who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 were\expndtw9 \expndtw0 insisting\expndtw9 \expndtw0 on\expndtw8 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ir\expndtw9 \expndtw0 right\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 live\expndtw9 \expndtw0 immoral\expndtw9 \expndtw0 lives while\expndtw13 \expndtw0 claiming\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Christians.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 interesting,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 though,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 never\expndtw13 \expndtw0 names any\expndtw14 \expndtw0 specific\expndtw13 \expndtw0 immoral\expndtw13 \expndtw0 behavior\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 his\expndtw15 \expndtw0 opponents.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 In\expndtw13 \expndtw0 fact\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw15 \expndtw0 may\expndtw13 \expndtw0 infer\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 oppon\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts\expndtw15 \expndtw0 them\- selves\expndtw2 \expndtw0 were\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 consciously\expndtw3 \expndtw0 aware\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 living\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ungodly\expndtw1 \expndtw0 manner.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 They\expndtw3 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 fellow\- ship with God (1 John 1:6), to know God (2:4), to abide in God (2:6), to be born of God (3:9-10), and to love God (4:20).\par \par \b\i (12\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Moral \expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ndi\expndtw-2 ff\expndtw0 er\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ists\b0\i0\par \par This,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 combined\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ck\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 any\expndtw3 \expndtw0 specific\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw3 \expndtw0 other\expndtw3 \expndtw0 than\expndtw2 \expndtw0 failure\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 show Christian\expndtw7 \expndtw0 love\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 brothers\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 sisters\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 3:17-18),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 leads\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onclusion\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 oppo\- nents \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 were \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 probably \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 not \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 libertines \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 antinomians \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 but \expndtw-21 \expndtw0\i moral \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 indifferentists, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\i0 holding \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 one\rquote s moral\expndtw7 \expndtw0 behavior\expndtw7 \expndtw0 has\expndtw6 \expndtw0 no\expndtw6 \expndtw0 importance\expndtw7 \expndtw0 whatsoev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw7 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 far\expndtw7 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw6 \expndtw0 life\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 concerned.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 fault the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 finds\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 more\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 their\expndtw9 \expndtw0 theory\expndtw7 \expndtw0 than\expndtw8 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 their\expndtw9 \expndtw0 pra\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tice.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 At\expndtw9 \expndtw0 least\expndtw7 \expndtw0 at this\expndtw11 \expndtw0 point\expndtw9 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As\expndtw19 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw21 \expndtw0 indifferentists,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw19 \expndtw0 may\expndtw21 \expndtw0 have\expndtw19 \expndtw0 been\expndtw21 \expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nying the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 need\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 confess\expndtw8 \expndtw0 post-conversion\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 1:8,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote If\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i say\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw10 \expndtw0\i0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 are\expndtw9 \expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0\- ceiving ourselv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\'85\rdblquote , and 1 Jn 1:10, \ldblquote If we \i say that we ha\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 e not sinned\expndtw-2\'85\expndtw0\i0\rdblquote ).\par \par \b\i (13\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 D\expndtw0 ow\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 play\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ng J\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sus\expndtw-2\b0\i0\rquote\expndtw0\b\i dea\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h on \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 cross\b0\i0\par \par An\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ethical\expndtw3 \expndtw0 theory\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw3 \expndtw0 indifference\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw5 \expndtw0 what\expndtw3 \expndtw0 one\expndtw5 \expndtw0 does\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw3 \expndtw0 behavior as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw9 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ally\expndtw9 \expndtw0 does\expndtw6 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 matter)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 would\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 consistent\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 christology\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 opponents, which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 put\expndtw3 \expndtw0 so\expndtw4 \expndtw0 much\expndtw2 \expndtw0 stress\expndtw4 \expndtw0 on\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 preexistence\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 incarnation\expndtw5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 central\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 salvation that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 what\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw12 \expndtw0 did\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 His\expndtw11 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw11 \expndtw0 existence\expndtw 13 \expndtw0 (in\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 luding\expndtw13 \expndtw0 even\expndtw11 \expndtw0 His\expndtw13 \expndtw0 death\expndtw11 \expndtw0 on\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 cross)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 contributed nothing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 salvation\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Christi\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ns\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw3 \expndtw0 did\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 matter.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Denial\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 significance\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote work\expndtw9 \expndtw0 on\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 cross\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 serious\expndtw9 \expndtw0 matter,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \ex pndtw0 point\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw9 \expndtw0 dispute\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with his \expndtw-7 \expndtw0 opponents \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-7 \expndtw0 1 \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 John \expndtw-8 \expndtw0 5:5-6, \expndtw-8 \expndtw0 where \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 opponents \expndtw-7 \expndtw0 affirmed \expndtw-10 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-7 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the water and with the blood,\rdblquote\i0 which \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 onstitutes \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 llusion to John 19:34 where both blood and w\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0\- ter\expndtw9 \expndtw0 flow\expndtw7 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wound\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sid\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw7 \expndtw0 constitute\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to \expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 sacrificial\expndtw7 \expndtw0 work on the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ross.\par \expndtw-2\f0 T\expndtw0 HE\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw-2\f0 O\expndtw0 P\expndtw-4 P\expndtw0 O\expndtw-2 N\expndtw0 E\expndtw-2 NT\expndtw0 S\f1 \expndtw-15 \expndtw-2\f0 2\expndtw0 9\par \par \b\i\f1 (14\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 Fa\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 li\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g to lo\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 e t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e b\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 oth\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs and s\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 st\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs\b0\i0\par \par Understanding\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 former\expndtw5 \expndtw0 members\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthor\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 community\expndtw5  \expndtw0 who\expndtw5 \expndtw0 have withdrawn\expndtw7 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw7 \expndtw0 also\expndtw5 \expndtw0 helps\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 explain\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 emph\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 sis\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 love\expndtw7 \expndtw0 for\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the brothers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 and\expndtw19 \expndtw0 sisters.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 By\expndtw19 \expndtw0 withdr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 wing\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw19 \expndtw0 John\expndtw18 \expndtw0 2:19)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 and\expndtw18 \expndtw0 splitting\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 community\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 opponents have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 shown\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 they\expndtw13 \expndtw0 do\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i not\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i0 love\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 brothers\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sisters,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 spite\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 fact\expndtw13 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw13 \expndtw0 they\expndtw13 \expndtw0 say\expndtw13 \expndtw0 they do.\expndtw1 \expndtw0 If\expndtw3 \expndtw0 they had\expndtw2 \expndtw0 re\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lly\expndtw3 \expndtw0 loved\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 brothers\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sisters\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (i.\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 those\expndtw1 \expndtw0 loyal\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 they\expndtw3 \expndtw0 would\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not have\expndtw19 \expndtw0 gone\expndtw17 \expndtw0 out\expndtw19 \expndtw0 into\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 world,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 and\expndtw18 \expndtw0 would\expndtw17 \expndtw0 not\expndtw19 \expndtw0 be\expndtw17 \expndtw0 attempting\expndtw19 \expndtw0 ev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw18 \expndtw0 now\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 seduce\expndtw17 \expndtw0 those\expndtw19 \expndtw0 brothers and sisters loy\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 l to the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor with false tea\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hing (1 John 2:27, 2 John 10-11).\par \par \b\i Con\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 sions\b0\i0\par \par Thus\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 conclusion\expndtw13 \expndtw0 I\expndtw11 \expndtw0 would\expndtw13 \expndtw0 say\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 are\expndtw11 \expndtw0 schismatics from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 within\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 own\expndtw13 \expndtw0 community\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 put\expndtw13 \expndtw0 forward\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 christology\expndtw13 \expndtw0 which\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author has\expndtw14 \expndtw0 judged\expndtw12 \expndtw0 unacceptable\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (4:1-3).\expndtw14 \expndtw0 The\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hristology\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw13 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 minimize\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 im\- portance\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw3 \expndtw0 care\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 (including\expndtw3 \expndtw0 His\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sacrificial\expndtw3 \expndtw0 death\expndtw3 \expndtw0 on\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 cross)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 pl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of salvation,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 which\expndtw10 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw10 \expndtw0 produced\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 judgment\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 will inevitably\expndtw15 \expndtw0 produce\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 opponents)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw13 \expndtw0 indifferentism\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 which\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 ethical\expndtw13 \expndtw0 value\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 one\rquote s behavior\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 deeds\expndtw4 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw6 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 minimized\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw5 \expndtw0 committed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 after\expndtw5 \expndtw0 conversion\expndtw5 \expndtw0 do\expndtw6 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 need to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 be\expndtw17 \expndtw0 confessed.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 I\expndtw17 \expndtw0 suspect\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (though\expndtw17 \expndtw0 I\expndtw19 \expndtw0 cannot\expndtw17 \expndtw0 conclusively\expndtw17 \expndtw0 prove)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 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sacrificial\expndtw11 \expndtw0 death\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 on\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ross.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 There\expndtw11 \expndtw0 are\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 lot\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 simil\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rities\expndtw10 \expndtw0 between\expndtw11 \expndtw0 this\expndtw11 \expndtw0 portrait\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Christi\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw11 \expndtw0 forms\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Gnosticism\expndtw9 \expndtw0 found\expndtw11 \expndtw0 later,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 mid-\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 late\expndtw9 \expndtw0 second\expndtw8 \expndtw0 century\par (more\expndtw17 \expndtw0 so\expndtw16 \expndtw0 than\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Docetism,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 my\expndtw17 \expndtw0 judgment).\up4 30 \expndtw6 \expndtw0\up0 Although\expndtw17 \expndtw0 there\expndtw17 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw0 also\expndtw17 \expndtw0 some\expndtw17 \expndtw0 significant\expndtw17 \expndtw0 differ\- ences\expndtw4 \expndtw0 between\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 picture\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 have\expndtw5 \expndtw0 been\expndtw5 \expndtw0 able\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 draw\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ter\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Gnostic\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sys\- tems,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 I\expndtw19 \expndtw0 suspect\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 where\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 schismatics\expndtw16 \expndtw0 (they\expndtw16 \expndtw0 would\expndtw19 \expndtw0 not\expndtw17 \expndtw0 have\expndtw19 \expndtw0 called\expndtw16 \expndtw0 themselves\expndtw16 \expndtw0\lquote heretics\rquote and \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 do \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 so\expndtw20 \expndtw0 would \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 be\expndtw21 \expndtw0 somewhat\expndtw21 \expndtw0 anachronistic \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 before\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 later \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Church\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Councils \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 deter\- mined what \lquote orthodox\rquote christology w\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s) \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd their follow\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs eventu\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lly ended up.\par \par These\expndtw9 \expndtw0 schism\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tics,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 after\expndtw9 \expndtw0 putting\expndtw7 \expndtw0 forward\expndtw9 \expndtw0 their\expndtw7 \expndtw0 variant\expndtw7 \expndtw0 christology\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 meeting\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 re\-\par sistance,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 seceded\expndtw8 \expndtw0 from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw8 \expndtw0 community\expndtw7 \expndtw0 represented\expndtw6 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 (2:18-\par 19).\expndtw22 \expndtw0 After\expndtw21 \expndtw0 their\expndtw21 \expndtw0 dep\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rture,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 they\expndtw21 \expndtw0 have\expndtw21 \expndtw0 continued\expndtw21 \expndtw0 their\expndtw21 \expndtw0 efforts\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 influen\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 author\rquote s community\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (2:26)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw11 \expndtw0 even\expndtw10 \expndtw0 sent\expndtw11 \expndtw0 out\expndtw11 \expndtw0 itinerant\expndtw11 \expndtw0 mission\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ries\expndtw10 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 influence\expndtw11 \expndtw0 outlying\expndtw11 \expndtw0 congrega\- tions (the situ\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 tion as r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 flected in 2 John).\par \par \par \b A\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 tio\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 al B\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 bl\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ogra\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 hy\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 O\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 po\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ts a\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 d T\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 r \expndtw-3 T\expndtw0 ea\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 hi\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 g\b0\par \par Bogart,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i Orthodox\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Heretical\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Perfectionism\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Community\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Evident\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in the First Epistle of John.\i0 SBLD\expndtw-3 S\expndtw0 33. Missoula, MT: \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 cholars Press, 1977.\par \par Brown,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Raymond\expndtw7 \expndtw0 E.\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote Origin\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 I\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 II\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Struggle\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Adversaries.\rdblquote\expndtw6 \expndtw0 In\expndtw13 \expndtw-2\i T\expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Epistles\expndtw6 \expndtw0 of John: Translated with Introduction, Notes, and Comm\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ntary\i0 , pp. 47-68\expndtw-3\i .\expndtw0\i0 Vol. 30 of The Anchor Bible. Gard\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n City, NY: Doubleday, 1982.\par \par Edwards, M. J. \ldblquote Martyrdom and th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 First Epistle of John.\rdblquote \i NovT\expndtw-3 \expndtw0\i0 31 (1989): 164-71.\par \par \par 30\expndtw14 \expndtw0 R.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 Schnackenburg\expndtw13 \expndtw0 poin\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 out\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 hat\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw15 \expndtw0 ch\expndtw-2 ri\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 og\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 cal\expndtw15 \expndtw0 v\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ece\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\expndtw-2 is\expndtw0 t\expndtw15 \expndtw0 opponen\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Johan\expndtw-30 \expndtw0\- nine\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 et\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 s\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote can\expndtw7 \expndtw0 no\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 onger\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 desc\expndtw-2 ri\expndtw0 bed\expndtw7 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 it\expndtw0 h\expndtw7 \expndtw0 cer\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ain\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 y\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw6 \expndtw0 prec\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (\i The\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 pi\expndtw-2 stl\expndtw0 es\i0 ,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 23).\expndtw6 \expndtw0 However, R.\expndtw18 \expndtw-2 B\expndtw0 ro\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 n\expndtw17 \expndtw0 al\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 o\expndtw18 \expndtw0 ob\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 erve\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 ,\expndtw18 \expndtw0\ldblquote Wh\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 le\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw19 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohannine\expndtw17 \expndtw0 adver\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 ies\expndtw16 \expndtw0 have\expndtw18 \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ome\expndtw17 \expndtw0 po\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 nts\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw17 \expndtw0 com\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 on\expndtw17 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 it\expndtw0 h\expndtw17 \expndtw0 all\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 pro\- po\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ed candidates, d\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 f\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 ences \expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 lit\expndtw0 ate again\expndtw-2 st\expndtw0 a p\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 eci\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 e iden\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 i\expndtw-3 f\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 cat\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on w\expndtw-2 it\expndtw0 h any o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 the\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 e g\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 oups. \expndtw-3 I\expndtw0 n any case, to have\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 o\expndtw14 \expndtw0 iden\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 i\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 ied\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw15 \expndtw0 epi\expndtw-2 st\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 y\expndtw14 \expndtw0 adver\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 ies\expndtw12 \expndtw0 wou\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 d\expndtw14 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw14 \expndtw0 been\expndtw14 \expndtw0 pa\expndtw-2 rti\expndtw0 cula\expndtw-2 rl\expndtw0 y\expndtw13 \expndtw0 enl\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ghten\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ng;\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 or\expndtw14 \expndtw0 gran\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ed\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he l\expndtw-2 itt\expndtw0 le\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 e\expndtw9 \expndtw0 know\expndtw10 \expndtw0 about\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 uch\expndtw9 \expndtw0 group\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wou\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 d\expndtw10 \expndtw0 have\expndtw8 \expndtw0 been\expndtw10 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 antamount\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 explain\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ng\expndtw12 \expndtw0\i igno\expndtw-4 t\expndtw0 um\expndtw10 \expndtw0 per\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 gno\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 us.\expndtw10 \expndtw-3\i0 Y\expndtw0 et\expndtw8 \expndtw0 it rema\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ns\expndtw1 \expndtw0 u\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 ul\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o\expndtw1 \expndtw0 know \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 hat\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 v\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 s\expndtw1 \expndtw0 at\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 acked\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw1 \expndtw0 I and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 II \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn\expndtw2 \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 it\expndtw0 hout\expndtw1 \expndtw0 pa\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 al\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 el\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n A\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ia\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 Mi\expndtw0 nor at the beginn\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ng of \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he second century\rdblquote \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\i The Ep\expndtw-2 ist\expndtw0 le\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 John\i0 , 67-68\expndtw-3 )\expndtw0 .\par \expndtw-2\f0 3\expndtw0 0\f1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\f0 IN\expndtw-4 T\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 OD\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 CT\expndtw0 I\expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 N\par \par \f1 Klauck, \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 H.-J. \expndtw-17 \expndtw0\ldblquote Internal \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Oppon\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts: \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 The \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Treatment \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-17 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ecessionists \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-17 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 irst \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 Epistle \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 of\par John.\rdblquote \i Concilium\i0 200 (1988): 55-65.\par \par \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 ainter, J. \ldblquote The \lquote Opponents\rquote in 1 John.\rdblquote \i New \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 estament Studie\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 32 (1986): 48-71.\par \par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 tagg,\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 rank.\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote Orthodoxy\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Orthopraxy\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Epistles.\rdblquote\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i Review\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Expositor\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i0 67\par (1970): 423-32.\par \par Vorster, W. \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 . \ldblquote Heterodoxy in 1 John.\rdblquote\expndtw-2 \expndtw0\i Neotestam entica\i0 9 (1975): 87-97.\par \par Weiss,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Konra\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 .\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote Orthodoxie\expndtw9 \expndtw0 und\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Heterodoxie\expndtw7 \expndtw0 im\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Johannesbrief.\rdblquote\expndtw10 \expndtw-2\i Z\expndtw0 eitschrift\expndtw7 \expndtw0 f\'fcr\expndtw9 \expndtw0 die\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Neutesta\-\i0\par \i mentliche Wiss\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nschaft\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i0 58 (1967): 247-55.\par \par Wengst, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 K. \expndtw-22 \expndtw0\i H\'e4resie \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 und \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Orthodoxie\expndtw21 \expndtw0 im \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Spiegel \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 des \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 ersten \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Johannesbriefes. \expndtw-19 \expndtw0\i0 G\'fctersloh: \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 Mohn,\par 1976.\par \f0 ST\expndtw-4 R\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 CT\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 R\expndtw0 E\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw0\f0 A\expndtw-4 N\expndtw0 D\f!1 \expndtw-8 \expndtw-2\f0 P\expndtw0 U\expndtw-4 R\expndtw0 P\expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 SE\f1 \expndtw-13 \expndtw-2\f0 3\expndtw0 1\par \par \par \expndtw-2\b\f1 S\expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 u\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 u\expndtw-5 r\expndtw0 e an\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 \expndtw-3 P\expndtw0 u\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 po\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 e o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 1 John\b0\par \par \b A\expndtw-3 p\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 oac\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 to \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 S\expndtw-2 tr\expndtw0 u\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of 1 Jo\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 n\b0\par \par Regarding the probl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 m of the stru\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ture and \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rgument of 1 John, F. \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 . Bruc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 has st\expndtw-2 a\exp"ndtw0 ted, Attempts\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 trace\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 consecutive\expndtw1 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rgument\expndtw1 \expndtw0 throughout\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 never\expndtw1 \expndtw0 succeeded. \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 or the \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 conveni\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nce \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 a \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 comment\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tor \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 and \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 his \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 readers, \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 it \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 possible \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 pr\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sent \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 such \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 an analysis\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 pistle\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as\expndtw12 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 given\expndtw13 \expndtw0 on\expndtw14 \expndtw0 pp.\e#xpndtw13 \expndtw0 31\expndtw12 \expndtw0 f.,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 but\expndtw13 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 does\expndtw12 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 imply\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author himself\expndtw7 \expndtw0 worked\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 an\expndtw5 \expndtw0 organized\expndtw5 \expndtw0 plan.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 At\expndtw7 \expndtw0 best\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 an\expndtw6 \expndtw0 distinguish\expndtw5 \expndtw0 three\expndtw7 \expndtw0 main\expndtw5 \expndtw0 courses\expndtw4 \expndtw0 of thought:\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 first\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (1.5-2.27),\expndtw6 \expndtw0 which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 has\expndtw4 \expndtw0 two\expndtw5 \expndtw0 m\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 themes,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ethical\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (w\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lking\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 light)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 $and Christological (conf\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ssing Jesus \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s the Christ); the s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 cond (2.28-4.6), whi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h repeats the ethical\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Christological\expndtw13 \expndtw0 themes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 with\expndtw13 \expndtw0 vari\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tions;\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 third\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (4.7-5.12)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 where\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 same two\expndtw15 \expndtw0 essential\expndtw13 \expndtw0 themes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 are\expndtw15 \expndtw0 present\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw14 \expndtw0 as\expndtw12 \expndtw0 love\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 faith\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 shown\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 inseparable\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and indispensable produ\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ts of life in Christ.\up4 31\up0\par \par Although\expndtw11% \expndtw0 Bruce\expndtw11 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw10 \expndtw0 analy\expndtw-3 z\expndtw0 ed\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 epistle\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 three\expndtw9 \expndtw0 major\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sections,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 it\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 important\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 note that \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 two \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 main \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 themes \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 walking \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 light \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 and \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 confessing \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Jesus \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 as \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 Christ \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 are \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 repeated throughout\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i all\i0 the s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ctions.\par \par This\expndtw9 \expn&dtw0 difficulty\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 understanding\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 structure\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 organiz\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 limited to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw15 \expndtw0 biblical\expndtw15 \expndtw0 scholarship.\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 t.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Augustine,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 first\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 great\expndtw15 \expndtw0 patristic\expndtw15 \expndtw0 commentaries\expndtw14 \expndtw0 to be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 written\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i Prologue\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Epistle\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 '\expndtw-3 J\expndtw0 ohn\i0 ,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wrote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 epistle\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 spoke\expndtw7 \expndtw0 at length\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 almost\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 entire\expndtw11 \expndtw0 time\expndtw13 \expndtw0 about\expndtw11 \expndtw0 love.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 This\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 an\expndtw11 \expndtw0 indirect\expndtw13 \expndtw0 way\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 informing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 re\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 der\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of the appar\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt lack of sequenc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 and d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 velopment of thought in the work. C\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lvin was mor\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 direct in acknowledging\expndtw17 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw17 \expndtw0 there\expndtw15 \expndtw0 was\(expndtw16 \expndtw0 no\expndtw14 \expndtw0 continuous\expndtw17 \expndtw0 order\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw15 \expndtw0 By\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1741\expndtw14 \expndtw0 J.\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Operinus \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 believed\expndtw14 \expndtw0 he could\expndtw11 \expndtw0 dete\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 pattern\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 basic\expndtw11 \expndtw0 thoughts\expndtw9 \expndtw0 or\expndtw11 \expndtw0 id\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 as,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 even\expndtw11 \expndtw0 though\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 end\expndtw11 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 settled\expndtw8 \expndtw0 for\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 tradi\- tional\expndtw11 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\expndtw0 (3) three\expndtw11 \expndtw0 times\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote I\expndtw9 \expndtw0 am\expndtw11 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 you\'85\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (\f2 grav\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 w\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 u\expndtw0 min\f1 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 occurs\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 2:12-13;\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (4)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 three\expndtw9 \expndtw0 times\par \ldblquote I\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 written\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 you\'85\rdblquote\expndtw3 g\expndtw0 (\expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 graya\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 u\expndtw0 min\f1 )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 occurs\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 2:14;\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (5)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 three\expndtw1 \expndtw0 things\expndtw3 \expndtw0 summarize\expndtw3 \expndtw0 all\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw1 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pr\expndtw-3 o\expndtw0 " qa\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 nat\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 n\f1 ) is mentioned in 5:16-17; \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd (8) three tim\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s \ldblquote we know\'85\rdblquote\par (\f2 o\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 damen\f1 )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 repeat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 5:18-20.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 The\expndtw11 \expndtw0 impact\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 such\expndtw10 \expndtw0 p\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tterns\expndtw11 \expndtw0 should\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw11 \expndtw0 on\expndtw11 \expnditw0 our\expndtw11 \expndtw0 understand\- ing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 structure\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw10 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 difficult\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 determine,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 however.\expndtw12 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 att\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rns\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 three\expndtw13 \expndtw0 are\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ll-es\- tablished\expndtw2 \expndtw0 device\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 an\expndtw3 \expndtw0 aid\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 memory,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 questionable\expndtw3 \expndtw0 worth\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lping\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 determine the major stru\expndtw-2 c\exjpndtw0 tural divisions of 1 John.\par \par \par \par \par 43 Robe\expndtw-2 rt\expndtw0 La\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 , \i The Test\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Li\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 A S\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 udy of \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he F\expndtw-2 irs\expndtw0 t \expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 pi\expndtw-2 stl\expndtw0 e of S\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 . John\i0 (\expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 dinbu\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 gh\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 T. & \expndtw-3 T\expndtw0 . C\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 k, 1909).\par 44 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 . C. O\expndtw-3\rquote\expndtw0 Nei\expndtw-2 ll\expndtw0 , \i The Pu\expndtw-2 zz\expndtw0 le o\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 1 John: \expndtw-3 A\expndtw0 New \expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 xam\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 na\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 on of \expndtw-3 O\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 (London\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 SP\expndtw-2 C\expndtw0 K, 1966).\par 45\expndtw14 \expndtw0 P.\expndtw15k \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 .\expndtw14 \expndtw0 Tho\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 on,\expndtw14 \expndtw0\ldblquote P\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 alm\expndtw13 \expndtw0 119:\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Pos\expndtw-2 si\expndtw0 ble\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 C\expndtw0 lue\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Struc\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ure\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Fi\expndtw-3 r\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 t\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Ep\expndtw-2 istl\expndtw0 e\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn,\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-16 \expndtw0\i Stud\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\i0\par \i Evange\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 ic\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0\i0 2 [= \i Texte und \expndtw-2 U\expndtw0 nte\expndtw-3 r\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 uchungen\i0 87] (\expndtw-2 B\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 rl\expndtw0 in\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 Akade\expndtw-2 mi\expndtw0 e, 1964\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 , 487-l92.\par 46 B\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 own, \i The Ep\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 tl\expndtw0 es o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\i0 , 764.\par \f0 ST\expndtw-4 R\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 CT\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 R\expndtw0 E\f1 \expndtw-10 \expndtw0\f0 A\expndtw-4 N\expndtw0 D\f1 \expndtw-8 \expndtw-2\f0 P\expndtw0 U\expndtw-4 R\expndtw0 P\expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 SE\f1 \expndtw-13 \expndtw-2\f0 3\expndtw0 5\par \par \b\i\f1 Th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 Gosp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l o\expndtw-2 f\expndtw0 Joh\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 as a str\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ural para\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 le\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 to 1 John\b0\i0\par \par (1)\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 o\expndtw7 \expndtw0 far\expndtw7 \expndtw0 we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 mentioned\expndtw6 \expndtw0 briefly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \mexpndtw0 many\expndtw7 \expndtw0 par\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 llels\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 vocabulary,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 style,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw7 \expndtw0 gen\- eral\expndtw17 \expndtw0 outlook\expndtw15 \expndtw0 between\expndtw14 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw15 \expndtw0 These\expndtw15 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw0 so\expndtw14 \expndtw0 numerous,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0 B.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 H.\expndtw16 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 treet\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r pointed out, that th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 burd\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n of proof lies with the p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rson who would deny \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ommon \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthorship.\up4 47\up0\par \par (2)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 We\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw11 \expndtw0 also\expndtw13 \expndtw0 noted\expndtw11 \exnpndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 our\expndtw11 \expndtw0 preliminary\expndtw13 \expndtw0 ex\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 mination\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 structure\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 that one \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 fe\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tures \expndtw-18 \expndtw0 many \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 interpreters \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 e \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 structure \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 Epistle \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 a \expndtw-19 \expndtw0 prologue \expndtw-17 \expndtw0 (1:1-4) which introduces m\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ny of the th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 mes to be pick\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d up later on in the l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tter \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd developed furth\expndtw-2 e\eoxpndtw0 r.\par \par (3)\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 imilarity\expndtw11 \expndtw0 between\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1\expndtw10 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Gosp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\par (1:1-18) \expndtw-9 \expndtw0 was \expndtw-10 \expndtw0 recognized\par __________________________\par [Footnotes]\par 19 Justin Martyr, Dialogue with Trypho 81.4.\par 20 Irenaeus, Adv. haer. 3.1.1.\par 21 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 4.18.6-8.\par 22 Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 5.24.3.\par 23 F.-M. Braun, Jean le Th\'e9ologien, vol. 1: Jean le Th\'e9ologien et son \'c9vangile dans l\rquote\'c9glise ancienne\par (Paris: Gabalda, 1959) 374.\par 24 Not every NT scholar has unanimously agreed to the importance of the schism in understanding the Jo\-hanninep Letters. For example, Judith Lieu has argued that while a schism occurred in the church(es) to which 1 John was addressed, the letter\rquote s purpose was not to deal with the effects of the schism but to promote theo\- logical debate within the author\rquote s own community (The Theology of the Johannine Epistles [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991], 16). Even further removed from the existence of a schism is T. Griffith, who argued that the setting of 1 John was the return of some Jewish Christians to Judaism, and the author\rquote s purpose in writing was to safeguard the community against further such losses (\ldblquote A Non-polemical Reading of 1 John: Sin, Christology and the Limits of Johannine Community,\rdblquote TynBul 49 [1998]: 275). Nevertheless, most NT scholars seem prepared to acknowledge that 1 John 2:18-19, 4:1, and similar verses do suggest a polemical purpose for the letter.\par 25 Based on these texts H.-J. Klauck has argued that the secessionist opponents weqre much better off fi\- nancially than the remnant who stayed behind in the author\rquote s community, possibly providing the church\rquote s meeting places and hospitality for itinerant missionaries (\ldblquote Internal Opponents: The Treatment of the Seces\- sionists in the First Epistle of John,\rdblquote Concilium 200 [1988]: 56-57).\par 26 S. Smalley proposed that there were three groups within the community of the author of 1 John: those\par 27 See also J. Painter, \ldblquote The \lquote Opponents\rquote in 1 John,\rdblquote NTS 32 (1986): 48-71, and H.-J. Klauck, \ldblquote Internal Opponents,\rdblquote 55-65. Schnackenburg felt there was general agreement that only one christological heresy was involved in 1 John: \ldblquote The author is fighting on a single front. Even though there may be different groups among the many antichrists (2:18) or false prophets, they are united in their denial of the church\rquote s christolog \- ical confession (2:22; 4:2-3). \ldblquote Antichrists\rdblquote and \ldblquote false prophets\rdblquote are only different terms arising from particu\- lar perspectives, depending on whether it is eschatological (last hour, antichrist) or pneumatic (distinguishing of spirits)\rdblquote (The Johannine Epistles, 17).\par 28 R. Brown argues more specifically that the split between the secessionists and the addressees of 1 John arose from different interpretations of the Gospel of John. The author of 1 John viewed the opponents as the \- ological innovators (cf. 2 John 9) who had departed from the apostolic eyewitness testimony about who Jesus was, presumably claiming the teaching/revelatory ministry of the Holy Spirit within the Christian community in support of their views (The Epistles of John, 69-71).\par 29 According to R. Brown, the secessionist opponents did not deny the incarnation as such, but denied that\par Christ\rquote s incarnation was salvific (The Epistles of John, 67-68, 505).\par \par } s {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sl-163\slmult0\lang2058\f0\fs16\par \pard\li2418\sl-240\slmult0\b\f1\fs24 Comm\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nta\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 y on 1 John\b0\par \pard\sl-200\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\sl-133\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\li2198\sl-220\slmult0\b\fs22 T\expndtw-4 h\expndtw0 e P\expndtw-5 r\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 og\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 e \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o 1 Joh\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0 1:1\expndtw-3 -\expndtw0 4)\b0\par \pard\sl-200\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\sl-196\slmult0\fs18\par \pard\li1048\sl-240\slmult0\b\fs24 G\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 amma\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 and \expndtw-3 S\expndtw0 tr\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ct\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 Pr\expndtw0 ologu\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 to 1 John\b0\par \pard\sl-209\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\li115\sl-200\slmult0\b In\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ro\expndtw-3 d\expndtw0 u\expndtw-2 ct\expndtw0 ion\b0\par \pard\sl-147\slmult0\fs14\tpar \pard\li836\sl-180\slmult0\expndtw-2\fs18 F\expndtw0 ew \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 today \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 would \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 question, \expndtw-14 \expndtw0 reg\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rdless \expndtw-16 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 their \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 views \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 on \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 common \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 authorship \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-15 \expndtw0 the Gospel of John and 1 John, that th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 prologu\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of 1 John echoes the prologu\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of the Gosp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l of John (1:1-18).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Many\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 them\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw14 \expndtw0 found\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 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testimony\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 who\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw18 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 (cf.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 4:14, w5:6-12),\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (b)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 importance\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw6 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 part\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 revelation\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 him\- self \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Jesus \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw21 \expndtw0 (cf.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 4:2,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 5:6),\expndtw22 \expndtw0 and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 (c) \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 eternal \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 life\expndtw21 \expndtw0 available\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 beli\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 vers \expndtw-23 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UBS\expndtw21 \expndtw0 4th \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 ed. have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 punctuated\expndtw12 \expndtw0 these\expndtw13 \expndtw0 verses\expndtw12 \expndtw0 with\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 full\expndtw13 \expndtw0 stop\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (period)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 at\expndtw13 \expndtw‘0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 end\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 lines\expndtw12 \expndtw0 3c\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 3e,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 vv.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 1-4\expndtw13 \expndtw0 are considered\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 most\expndtw5 \expndtw0 commentators\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 grammari\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ns\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 constitute\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\expndtw5 \expndtw0 long\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sentence\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Greek text.\par \pard\sl-210\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\li475\sl-200\slmult0\b\i G\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 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to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 resist\expndtw1 \expndtw0 identifying\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b\i the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 word\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0\i0 here\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John 1:1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 as the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Word, the \expndtw-2\i L\expndtw0 ogo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 ,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 who\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 mentioned\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1:1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (\ldblquote In\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw11 \expndtw0 was\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Word,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Word\expndtw11 \expndtw0 was\expndtw10 \expndtw0 with God,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw12 \expndtw0 what\expndtw13 \expndtw0º God\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Word\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\rdblquote ).\expndtw12 \expndtw0 In\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 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The four relative \expndtw-2 c\expnd»tw0 lauses\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b\i what\'85, what\'85, what\'85, what\'85\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\i0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 would\expndtw3 \expndtw0 then\expndtw3 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw3 \expndtw0 eyewitness\expndtw2 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 very\expndtw3 \expndtw0 thing which (we sh\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ll s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 e later) is under \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ttack by the s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 cessionist oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts.\par \pard\sl-126\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li115\ri117\sl-200\slmult0\qj\fs18 A\expndtw7 \expndtw0 further\expndtw7 \expndtw0 point\expndtw7 \expndtw0 concerns\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 begin\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b0\i0 i¼n\expndtw7 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Almost\expndtw7 \expndtw0 certainly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 al\- ludes\expndtw10 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw12 \expndtw0\ldblquote In\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ginning\expndtw11 \expndtw0 was\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Word,\rdblquote\expndtw12 \expndtw0 et\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 .\expndtw12 \expndtw0 But\expndtw11 \expndtw0 does\expndtw10 \expndtw0 this\expndtw11 \expndtw0 mean\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b\i begin\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing \b0\i0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 mentions\expndtw3 \expndtw0 here\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 eternity\expndtw3 \expndtw0 past,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 ½1:1?\expndtw3 \expndtw0 If\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 controversy\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 oppo\- nents\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 over\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 importance\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw13 \expndtw0 life\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 if\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 rel\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 clauses \b\i what\'85,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 what\'85,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 what\'85,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 what\'85\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b0\i0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw3 \expndtw0 eyewitness\expndtw4 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \exp¾ndtw0 Jesus, then\expndtw9 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 much\expndtw7 \expndtw0 more\expndtw9 \expndtw0 lik\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ly\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 begin\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b0\i0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of Jesus\rquote earthly lif\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd ministry which marked th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ginning of his self-revelation to his dis\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 iples. A similar us\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 of the phr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 se is found in John 2:11.\par \pard\sl-126\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li115\ri120\sl-200\slmult0\qj\fs18 It\expndtw9 \expndtw0 then\expndtw9 \expndtw0 follows\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw¿9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 first\expndtw9 \expndtw0 person\expndtw9 \expndtw0 plural\expndtw9 \expndtw0 verbs\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 1:1-4\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (\b\i\'85we\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 eard,\expndtw7 \expndtw0\'85 we\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtw7 \expndtw0 see\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\'85we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 ha\expndtw-3 v\expndtw0 e\expndtw9 \expndtw0 looked\expndtw6 \expndtw0 at,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\'85o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ds\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtw7 \expndtw0 touc\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ed,\expndtw7 \expndtw0\'85we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 proclaim\b0\i0 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 do\expndtw6 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 just\expndtw7 \expndtw0 re\- fer\expndtw15 \expndtw0 only\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author.\exÀpndtw16 \expndtw0 Inst\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ad\expndtw14 \expndtw0 they\expndtw14 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 group\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 people\expndtw15 \expndtw0 including\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author\expndtw15 \expndtw0 but\expndtw15 \expndtw0 sep\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rate from\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 letter.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 The\expndtw17 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw15 \expndtw0 used\expndtw14 \expndtw0 suggest\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 people\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 group\expndtw17 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw17 \expndtw0 eyewit\expndtw-32 \expndtw0\- nesses of Jesus\rquote \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 arthly life \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd ministry.\up4\fs7 61\up0\par \pard\sl-275\slmult0\fs26\par \Ápard\li260\sl-160\slmult0\fs16 60 No\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 the \expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 ub\expndtw-2 j\expndtw0 ect g\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 am\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 at\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 cal\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 y, bu\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he sub\expndtw-2 j\expndtw0 ect \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he sen\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 e of \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 hat \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he autho\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ng about.\par \pard\li260\sb24\sl-160\slmult0 61\expndtw11 \expndtw0 C\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 .\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Schnackenburg:\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-2 I\expndtw0 t\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 d\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 f\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 icu\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 t\expndtw13 \expndtw0 que\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on,\expndtw12 \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 et\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 mes\expndtw10 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 aken\expndtw12 \expndtw0 too\expndtw12 \expndtw-2 li\expndtw0 gh\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ly,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 to\expndtw12 \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 ho\expndtw12 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 peak\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ng\expndtw12 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw12 \expndtw0 1\par \pard\li115\ri118\sb4\sl-180\slmult0\qj\expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 1-4. 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(3)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 best\expndtw3 \expndtw0 solution,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ke\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ping\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 emphasis\expndtw3 \expndtw0 later\expndtw3 \expndtw0 made\expndtw3 \expndtw0 clear\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 3\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\-\par \pard\li104\sb26\sl-180\slmult0 troduction\expndtw5 \expÔndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 main\expndtw5 \expndtw0 verb,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 understand\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 antecedent\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 relative\expndtw3 \expndtw0 pronouns\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 vv.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\par \pard\li104\sb28\sl-180\slmult0 3\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 comprehensive\expndtw7 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 incarnate\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Word,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 including\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw7 \expndtw0 testimo\-\par \pard\li104\sb27\sl-190\slmult0 ny \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 or \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 witness \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 about \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 earthly \expndtÕw-21 \expndtw0 career \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 J\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sus. \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 This \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 all \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 more \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 natural \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e \expndtw-19 \expndtw0\f2 mart\expndtw-4 u\expndtw0 ri\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 n\par \pard\li104\ri120\sb2\sl-210\slmult0\f1 (\f4 ma\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 tur\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\f1 ,\expndtw1 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\expndtw0\f4 hn\f1 \f4 ap\f1\rquote \expndtw6 \expndtw0\f4 a\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 s\f1 ,\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote what\expndtw17 \expndtw0 was\expndtw16 \expndtw0 from\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 beginning\rdblquote )\expndtw17 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 devoid\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 any\expndtw16 \expndtw0 person\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw17 \expndtw0 reference.\expndtw17 \expndtw0 It\expndtw17 \expndtw×0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ems\expndtw17 \expndtw0 al\- most\expndtw11 \expndtw0 certainly\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 deliberate\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 llusion\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 such,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 cannot\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 separated\expndtw11 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 erson\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw1 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw1 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 being\expndtw3 \expndtw0 given.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 But\expndtw1 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 does not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ref\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw3 \expndtw0 solely\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus himself;\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expnØdtw0 includes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw5 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw5 \expndtw0 about\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 whole\expndtw3 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 career\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Jesus.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 This\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 espe\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- cially\expndtw3 \expndtw0 true\expndtw3 \expndtw0 because\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 signific\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nce\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw3 \expndtw0 career\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 precis\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ly\expndtw3 \expndtw0 what\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 being\expndtw3 \expndtw0 disputed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by the author\rquote s oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts, the f\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lse teach\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs, and thus what the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor is undertaking to defend\expndtw-2 Ù.\expndtw0\up4\fs7 62\up0\par \pard\sl-126\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li104\ri112\sl-210\slmult0\b\fs18 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw6 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0\f2 arch\expndtw7\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 ar\expndtw-3 c\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote beginning\rdblquote )\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:1a.\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b0 We\expndtw7 \expndtw0 also\expndtw7 \expndtw0 need\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 consider\expndtw7 \expndtw0 briefly the meaning of th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 prepositional phr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 se\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f2 aj\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 = a\expndtw-2 j\expndtw0 rch"\f1 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\f4 ap\f1\rquote \expndtw-11 \expndtw0\f4 a\expndtw-3 rc\expndtw0 h\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 , \ldblquote from the b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ginning\rdblquote ) in 1:1a. It\par \pard\sl-246\slmult0\fs24\par \pard\li247\sl-160\slmult0\fs16 62 See parag\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 aph 13 o\expndtw-2 fÚ\expndtw0 the \expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 ec\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ion \ldblquote\expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 he \expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 pponent\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 and The\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 r Teaching \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n 1 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn\rdblquote above.\par \pard\li115\ri120\sb8\qj\expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 1\endash\expndtw0 4\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 (\expndtw-2 P\expndtw0\fs14 R\expndtw-2 OL\expndtw0 O\expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 E\expndtw0\fs22 )\f1 \expndtw-27 \expndtw-2\f0 4\expndtw0 5\f1 \fs18 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 almost\expndtw3 \expndtw0 impossible\expndtw3 \expndtw0 for\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw3 \expndtw0 reader\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 encount\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw3 \expndtw0 without\expndtw3 \expndtw0 immediately\expndtw3 \expndtw0 thinking of\expndtw21 Û \expndtw0 John\expndtw20 \expndtw0 1:1.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 In\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 similar\expndtw21 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw21 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 n\f1 \expndtw-15 \expndtw0\f2 a\expndtw-2 j\expndtw0 rch\f1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 (\f4 en\f1 \expndtw7 \expndtw0\f4 arc\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 beginning\rdblquote )\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John\expndtw20 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw22 \expndtw0\f2 ajrch\par \pard\li115\sb32\sl-180\slmult0\f1 (\f4 arc\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 alludes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Gen.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1:1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 cre\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 Thus\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote beginning\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw-3 e\Üexpndtw0 d\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\par \pard\li115\ri122\sb8\sl-210\slmult0 1:1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 participation\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 eternal\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 pre-existent\expndtw15 \expndtw0\f2 L\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f4 Logo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw12 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Word\expndtw-3\rdblquote\expndtw0 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the act\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 creation,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 and\expndtw18 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 remainder\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 chapter\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 John\rquote s\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw19 \expndtw0 goes\expndtw18 \expndtw0 on\expndtw18 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 suggÝ\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 st\expndtw19 \expndtw0 that\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Jesus\par \pard\li115\ri128\sb7\sl-210\slmult0\qj (who\expndtw9 \expndtw0 according\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:14\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 L\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw8\f1 \expndtw0 [the\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote Word\rdblquote ]\expndtw7 \expndtw0 become\expndtw9 \expndtw0 flesh)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 has\expndtw8 \expndtw0 now\expndtw7 \expndtw0 begun\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 engage\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a new\expndtw13 \expndtw0 cre\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 act,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 result\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 which\expndtw11 \expndtw0 will\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 new\expndtw11 \expndtw0 creation.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 The\expndtw11 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 JohÞn\expndtw12 \expndtw0 1:1a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 might be stated thus: \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 In the b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ginning (i.e., at th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 reation) the \expndtw-2 W\expndtw0 ord alr\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ady existed\'85.\rdblquote\par \pard\sl-146\slmult0\fs14\par \pard\li836\sl-190\slmult0\fs18 In\expndtw9 \expndtw0 light\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 may\expndtw8 \expndtw0 reasonably\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ask\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 whether\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 use\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 ajp\expndtw16\f1 \expndtw0\f2 ajrch"\expndtw9\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 ap\f1\rquote \expndtw-3 \expndtw0\f4 a\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 s\f1 ,\par \pard\li115\ri118\sl210\slmult0\qj\ldblquote from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 beginning\rdblquote )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expnßdtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1:1a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 constitutes\expndtw6 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 delib\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rate\expndtw7 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw7 \expndtw0 back\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 (2) if\expndtw13 \expndtw0 so,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 whether\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 m\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 aning\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 ajrch\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 ar\expndtw-3 c\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 both\expndtw13 \expndtw0 referen\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 es\expndtw12 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 exactly\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 same.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 I\expndtw11 \expndtw0 would\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\- swer\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 first\expndtw1 \expndtw0 question\expndtw1 \expndtw0\lquote yes\rquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 aànd\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 second\expndtw1 \expndtw0\lquote no\rquote . 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But to understand\expndtw8 \áexpndtw0\f2 ajrch\f1 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\f4 arc\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 , \ldblquote be\- ginning\rdblquote )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw2 \expndtw0 John 1:1a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 creation\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John would\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 break the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 parall\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lism\expndtw21 \expndtw0 with\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 three\expndtw19 \expndtw0 other\expndtw21 \expndtw0 rel\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw21 \expndtw0 clauses\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 1\expndtw18 \expndtw0 and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 one\expndtw19 \expndtw0 relative\expndtw21 \expndtw0 cl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 use\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtâw19 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 3. 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of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ongoing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 dispute with\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 opponents,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 who\expndtw21 \expndtw0 are\expndtw19 \expndtw0 apparently\expndtw19 \expndtw0 bent\expndtw21 \expndtw0 on\expndtw18 \expndtw0 denying\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 significance\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw19 \expndtw0 life and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 plan\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 salvation.\up4\fs7 63 \expndtw4 \expndtw0\up0\fs18 It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 precisely\expndtw13 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 arthly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw12 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 whicçh\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the Apostle\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John\expndtw20 \expndtw0 and\expndtw21 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christological\expndtw13 \expndtw0 position.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 This\expndtw11 \expndtw0 last point,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 while\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 subtlety\expndtw15 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 lost\expndtw15 \expndtw0 on\expndtw14 \expndtw0 almost\expndtw15 \expndtw0 all\expndtw15 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw15 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw15 \expndtw0 letters,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 would certainly not have b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 en lost on both the opponents \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 intended r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 cipients of 1 John.\par \pard\sl-127\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li115\ri119\sl-200\slmult0\qj\b\fs18 The\expndtw21 \expndtw0 significa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ce\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtêw21 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw21 \expndtw0 first\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 erson\expndtw20 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eyew\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 tne\expndtw-3 s\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 es\expndtw8 \expndtw0 he\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 e\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 R\expndtw0 .\expndtw7 \expndtw0 W.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Sto\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 t,\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i The\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Ep\expndtw-2 ist\expndtw0 les\expndtw6 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John:\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 A\expndtw0 n In\expndtw-2 tr\expndtw0 oduct\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Co\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 menta\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 y\expndtw5 \expndtw-3\i0 (\expndtw0 Tyndale\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 N\expndtw0 ew\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Tes\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ament\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 C\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 men\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ar\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 ;\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Grand\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 R\expndtw0 apid\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 :\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 erd\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 ans;\expndtw1 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Bon\expndtw-2 si\expndtw0 rve\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 , \i\'c9p\expndtw-2\'ee\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 de Sain\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 Jean\i0 (Par\expndtw-2 is:\expndtw0 Beauchesne, 1954\expndtw-2 )\expndtw0 , 67.\par \pard\li115\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 1\endash\expndtw0 4\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 (\expndtw-2 P\expndtw0\fs14 R\expndtw-2 OL\expndtw0 O\expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 E\expndtw0\fs22 )\f1 \expndtw-27 \expndtw-2\f0 4\expndtw0 7\par \pard\sl-147\slmult0\fs14\par \pard\li836\sl-190\slmult0\f1\fs18 (1)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Many\expndtw11 \expndtw0 interpreters\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 understood\expndtw15 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\expndtw14\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f4 tou\f1 \f4 logo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw12 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 word\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\par \pard\li115\sb28\sl-190\slmult0 1:1f\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 L\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 Lo\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 os\f1 ,\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote Word\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 some\expndtw13 \expndtw0 English\expndtw11 \expndtw0 translations\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (\fs12 KJ\expndtw-3 V\expndtw0\fs18 ,\expndtw12 \expndtw0\fs12 JB\fs18 ,\par \pard\li115\sb27\sl-180\slmult0\fs12 TEV\fs18 ,\expndtw14 \expndtw0\fs12 N\expndtw-3 I\expndtw0 V\fs18 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 have\expndtw15 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 pitalized\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 noun\expndtw14 \expndtw0 (\ldblquote\expndtw-3 W\expndtw0 ord\rdblquote )\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 indicate\expndtw15 \expndtw0 this\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (\fs12 N\expndtw-3 A\expndtw0 SB \expndtw1 \expndtw-3\fs18 c\expndtw0 apitalizes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 both\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote Word\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\par \pard\li115\ri119\sb9\sl-210\slmult0\ldblquote Life\rdblquote ).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Certainly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 it\expndtw17 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 impossible\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 ignore\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw17\f1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw0 1:1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 attempting\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to define\expndtw3 \expndtw0 its\expndtw3 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw3 \expndtw0 here,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 but\expndtw3 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 also\expndtw3 \expndtw0 significant\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw2\f 1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 used\expndtw3 \expndtw0 5\expndtw3 \expndtw0 more\expndtw3 \expndtw0 times\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 (1:10,\par \pard\li115\ri118\sl210\slmult0\qj 2:5, 2:7, 2:14, and 3:18), and\expndtw3 \expndtw0\i none\i0 of these involve p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rsonification or a \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 lear r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ference to the s\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 c\- ond\expndtw19 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 erson\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Trinity.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 In\expndtw19 \expndtw0 fact\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 this\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw19 \expndtw0 crucial\expndtw17 \expndtw0 point),\expndtw18 \expndtw0 if\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of John did not exist, no on\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0  would be in\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 lined to understand\expndtw1 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 go"\f1 in 1 John 1:1f as \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rsonal r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 f\- erence.\par \pard\sl-126\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li115\ri118\sl210\slmult0\qj\fs18 (2)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 It\expndtw19 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw19 \expndtw0 far\expndtw19 \expndtw0 more\expndtw19 \expndtw0 likely\expndtw19 \expndtw0 that \expndtw-21 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\f1 \expndtw-18 \expndtw-3\f2 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 gou\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 tou\f1 \expndtw8 \expndtw0\f4 lo\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 ou\f1 ,\expndtw17 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 word\rdblquote )\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1\expndtw18 \expndtw0 John\expndtw18 \expndtw0 1:1f should\expndtw19 \expndtw0 be\expndtw19 \expndtw0 understood\expndtw19 \expndtw0 as\expndtw18 \expndtw0\ldblquote message\rdblquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 or\expndtw19 \expndtw0\ldblquote r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 port\rdblquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 and\expndtw19 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw19 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw19 \expndtw0 about\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the earthly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 reer\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 erson,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 words,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 works)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 precisely\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 topic\expndtw5 \expndtw0 und\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw5 \expndtw0 discus\- sion\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1:1-4.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 context\expndtw5 \expndtw0 supports\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 because\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw 5 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw3 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to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw17 \expndtw0\f2 aj\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 agg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 om\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw0 [\f4 apa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 om\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 ] in 1:3) stress the pro\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 lamation of the m\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ssage.\par \pard\sl-128\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li115\ri118\sl210\slmult0\qj\fs18 But\expndtw9 \expndtw0 even\expndtw8 \expndtw0 though\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 our\expndtw9 \expndtw0 judgment\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 tou\f1 \expndtw-5 \expndtw0\f4 logo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw10 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 word\rdblquote ) in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1:1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 differs\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw5\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 logo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote word\rdblquote )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 does\expndtw4 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 mean\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the two\expndtw5 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 totally\expndtw5 \expndtw0 unrelated.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 It\expndtw5 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw5 \expndtw0 more\expndtw5 \expndtw0 likely\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw4 \expndtw0 made\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (sub\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- tle)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 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John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nnot\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 will\expndtw3 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 deny\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 preexistent,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 prein\- carnate\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f4 Lo\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 os\expndtw4\f1 \expndtw0 became\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Nazareth\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (an\expndtw3 \expndtw0 assertion\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 may\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fa\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 key\expndtw3 \expndtw0 point\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 doc\expndtw-30 \expndtw0\- trine\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 use\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 term\expndtw9 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cross),\expndtw10 \expndtw0 which\expndtw8 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 precis\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ly\expndtw11 \expndtw0 where the dispute with the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts li\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s.\up4\fs7 71\up0\par \pard\sl-148\slmult0\fs14\par \pard\li836\sl-190\slmult0\b\fs18 The \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 ge\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 itive\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b0\f2 th"\f1 \expndtw-16 \expndtw0\f2 z\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 h"\f1 \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 (\f4 ths\f1 \expndtw9 \expndtw0\f4 zw\expndtw-2 hs\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw22 \expndtw0\ldblquote life\rdblquote ) \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 1:1f.\expndtw22 \expndtw0\b0 The \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 genitive \expndtw-15 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 "\par \pard\li115\sb28\sl-190\slmult0 zw\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 "\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:1f\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 related\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 previous\expndtw9 \expndtw0 discussion\expndtw9 \expndtw0 about\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw-3\f2 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 gou\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 tou\f1 \expndtw-3 \expndtw0\f4 lo\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 ou\f1 ,\par \pard\li115\ri118\sb7\sl-200\slmult0\qj\ldblquote the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 word\rdblquote ).\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 three\expndtw3 \expndtw0 possible\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ways of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 understanding\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 syntax\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 phrase:\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 geni\- tive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 apposition,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 me\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ning\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw13 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l\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 hat \expndtw-2 is\expndtw0 needed i\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 tha\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 the \expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ra\- di\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 on\expndtw3 \expndtw0 exp\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 sed\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Fou\expndtw-2 rt\expndtw0 h\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Go\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 pel\expndtw4 \expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw1 \expndtw0 circu\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 at\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ava\expndtw-2 il\expndtw0 able\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o\expndtw4 \expndtw0 bo\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 h\expndtw4 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 au\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 hor\rquote s fo\expndtw-2 ll\expndtw0 owe\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 s p\expndtw-3 r\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 or \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 o the co\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 po\expndtw-2 si\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on o\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 1 John.\par \pard\li260\sb24\sl-160\slmult0 71 See para. \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0 13) o\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 the ear\expndtw-2 li\expndtw0 er \expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ec\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 on, \ldblquote The \expndtw-2 O\expndtw0 pponent\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 and \expndtw-2 T\expndtw0 hei\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 Teaching \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n 1 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn.\rdblquote\par \pard\li260\sb24\sl-170\slmult0 72\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Th\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 t\expndtw5 \expndtw0 op\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 on\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 po\expndtw-2 ssi\expndtw0 b\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 e\expndtw5 \expndtw0 on\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 y\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 f\expndtw12 \expndtw0\f2 lovgou\expndtw4\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f4 lo\expndtw-2 g\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw4 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 phra\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0 e\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw3 \expndtw0 unde\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ood\expndtw4 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote mes\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 age\rdblquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 epor\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ,\rdblquote\par \pard\li115\sb24\sl-160\slmult0 as we a\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 ready concluded above.\par \pard\li104\ri112\sb8\qj\expndtw-2\f0\fs22 4\expndtw0 8\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\f1 \fs18 because\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Apostle\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 both\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw10 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 tendency\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 use \expndtw-23 \expndtw0\i double entendre\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 ,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 words\expndtw15 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw0 double\expndtw15 \expndtw0 meanings,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 or\expndtw15 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw0 multiple\expndtw15 \expndtw0 associations\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 meaning.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 Cer\- tainly\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 message,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 if\expndtw7 \expndtw0 understood\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 appropriated\expndtw6 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 readers,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 was\expndtw8 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 apable\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 producing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 life in them [option (2)]. And the word was \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 lso life its\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 lf [option (1)], so much so that th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor can speak of \ldblquote the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ternal\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i life\i0 which w\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s with the \expndtw-3 F\expndtw0 ather \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd was r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vealed to us\rdblquote in 1 John 1:2.\par \pard\sl-200\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\sl-167\slmult0\fs16\par \pard\li824\ri123\sl-200\slmult0\b\fs18 1:2\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw12 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 life\expndtw13 \expndtw0 was\expndtw15 \expndtw0 reveale\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 ,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw12 \expndtw0 we\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtw13 \expndtw0 seen\expndtw14 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw12 \expndtw0 testify\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw12 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 no\expndtw-2 un\expndtw0 ce\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 you t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e eter\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 al lif\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 that was with t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e Father a\expndtw-3 n\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 was reveale\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 to \expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s).\b0\par \pard\sl-210\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\li464\sl-200\slmult0\b\i S\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \pard\sl-107\slmult0\fs10\par \pard\fi720\li104\ri110\sl-200\slmult0\qj\fs18 Verse 2 gives mor\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 explanation \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 bout\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b\i the word of lif\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0\b0\i0 mentioned p\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 renthetically by the author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 at\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 end\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b\i reveal\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\i 0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 2\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 frequently\expndtw3 \expndtw0 used\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 re\- fer to Jesus\rquote rev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lation of himself to his disciples (2:11, 21:1; 21:14). The \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor\rquote s st\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 tement here that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0\b\i the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 eter\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 al\expndtw5 \expndtw0 life\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Father\expndtw6 \expndtw-3\b0\i0 e\expndtw0 choes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1:1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 wh\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Word\expndtw5 \expndtw0 who was! with the Father. Thus in 1 John 1:1-4 it is the t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rm\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b\i life\b0\i0 rather th\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b\i word\b0\i0 which r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 fers to Jesus as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 revealed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 areer,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 including\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 person,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 words,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 works,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 death,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 resur\- rection.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 This\expndtw13 \expndtw0 subtle\expndtw13 \expndtw0 shift\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 mphasis\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 precisely\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 keeping\expndtw13 \expndtw0 with\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 stress\expndt"w12 \expndtw0 on\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 im\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- portance\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw9 \expndtw0 care\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw8 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Nazareth\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 incarnate\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 W\expndtw0 ord\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 dispute\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the opponents.\par \pard\sl-117\slmult0\fs10\par \pard\fi720\li104\ri111\sl210\slmult0\qj\fs18 Having\expndtw13 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote word\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 life\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1:1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 subj\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ct\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13# \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw11 \expndtw0 eyewitness testimony\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 which\expndtw2 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 writing,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 now\expndtw3 \expndtw0 picks\expndtw2 \expndtw0 up\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 theme\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote life\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (\f2 zwh\f1 , \f4 zw\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw17 \expndtw0 and\expndtw17 \expndtw0 carri\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw16 \expndtw0 it\expndtw17 \expndtw0 further,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 explaining\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 it\expndtw17 \expndtw0 was\expndtw16 \expndtw0 this\expndtw17 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 life\rdblquote\expndtw17 \expndtw0 which\expndtw16 \expndtw0 was\expndtw16 \expndtw0 with\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 F\expnd$tw0 ather\expndtw17 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 has now\expndtw7 \expndtw0 been\expndtw5 \expndtw0 revealed\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 yewitnesses,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 which\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthor\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 As\expndtw7 \expndtw0 explained\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the structural\expndtw1 \expndtw0 analysis\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 prologue\up4\fs7 73 \expndtw-8 \expndtw0\up0\fs18 all\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 v. 2\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 parenthetical\expndtw1 \expndtw0 interruption\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 stru\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ture\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 vv.\par \pard\li104\ri122\sb6\sl-200\slmult0 1-4\expndtw%1 \expndtw0 which further\expndtw1 \expndtw0 explains\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote life\rdblquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 which\expndtw1 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s introduced\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:1f\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 specifies its\expndtw1 \expndtw0 relation\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the apostolic ey\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 witness testimony of vv. 1 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd 3.\par \pard\sl-210\slmult0\fs20\par \pard\li464\sl-200\slmult0\b\i Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \pard\sl-108\slmult0\fs10\par \pard\fi720\li104\ri112\sl-210\slmult0\qj\b\fs18 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0\f2 z\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 h\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 zw\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote life\rdblquote )\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b i&n\expndtw11 \expndtw0 1:2.\expndtw14 \expndtw0\b0 In\expndtw11 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 parenthetical\expndtw11 \expndtw0 explanation of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 concluding\expndtw11 \expndtw0 phr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 se\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 previous\expndtw9 \expndtw0 verse,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 which\expndtw8 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote life\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (\f2 zwh\f1 ,\expndtw10 \expndtw0\f4 zw\expndtw-4 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 obje\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 t of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 yewitness\expndtw10 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw9 \expndtw0 which\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 emphasized\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expn'dtw0 prologue.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 If\expndtw11 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 are\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 un\expndtw-35 \expndtw0\- derstand\expndtw20 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\f1 \expndtw-16 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\f1 \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 (\f4 tou\f1 \expndtw8 \expndtw0\f4 logo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 1:1f\expndtw21 \expndtw0 as\expndtw20 \expndtw0 personal\expndtw21 \expndtw0 (see\expndtw21 \expndtw0 discussion\expndtw21 \expndtw0 above)\expndtw21 \expndtw0 should\expndtw21 \expndtw0 we\expndtw21 \expndtw0 und\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\- stand \f2 zw\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0\f1 (\f4 zw\expndtw-4 h\expndtw0\f1 ) as \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 person\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l reference?\par \pard\sl-127\slmult0\fs12\par \pard\fi720\li104\ri112\sl-210\slmult0\qj\fs18 In\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \e(xpndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Gosp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 zwh\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f4 zw\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 personal\expndtw11 \expndtw0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 something\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that came\expndtw5 \expndtw0 into\expndtw5 \expndtw0 existence\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0\f2 L\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\expndtw5\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 Logo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote Word\rdblquote )\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 communicated\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 human\expndtw5 \expndtw0 beings\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by the\expndtw1 \expndtw0\f4 Lo\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 os\f1 (John 1:4). Yet th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 verb us\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 d h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 re to describe th\expndtw)-2 e\expndtw0 revelation of the \expndtw-2\ldblquote\expndtw0 life\rdblquote (\expndtw-33 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 fan\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0 q\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0\f1 , \f4 e\expndtw-3 f\expndtw0 an\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rwq\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 frequently\expndtw5 \expndtw0 used\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 rev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lation\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 disciples,\expndtw17 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 specially\expndtw19 \expndtw0 after\expndtw17 \expndtw0 his\expndtw19 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 surrection\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (John\expndtw17 \expndtw0 21:1,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 21:14).\expndtw18 \expndtw0 This\expndtw19 \expndt*w0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 also\expndtw19 \expndtw0 true\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in\par \pard\li104\ri113\sl210\slmult0\qj 2:28,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 speaks\expndtw4 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christ\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 velation\expndtw5 \expndtw0 at\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i parousia\i0 ,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 along\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 revelation\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of God\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 his\expndtw17 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 career\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 3:5\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 take\expndtw15 \expndtw0 away\expndtw14 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw17 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 3:8\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\ex+pndtw17 \expndtw0 destroy\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 works\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 devil. \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 urther\expndtw11 \expndtw0 confirmation\expndtw11 \expndtw0 for\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 personified\expndtw10 \expndtw0 use\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0\f2 zwh\expndtw9\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 zw\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 velation\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 his earthly \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 reer \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 is \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 found \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 second \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 occurrence \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 of \expndtw-13 \expndtw0\f2 zwh\f1 \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 (\f4 zw\expndtw-4 h,\expndtw0\f1 ) \expndtw-21 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 1:2, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 which \expndtw-20 \expndtw0 speaks \expndtw-24 \expndtw0 about \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the\par \pard\li104\sb27\sl-180\slmult0\ldblquote eternal\expndtw11 \expndtw0 life\expndtw11 \expndtw0 which\expndtw10 \expndtw0 was\expndtw10 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw11 \expndtw0 was\expndtw10 \expndtw0 revealed\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 us.\rdblquote\expndtw10 \expndtw0 This\expndtw11 \expndtw0 echoes\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 parallels\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\par \pard\li104\ri112\sb1\sl-210\slmult0 1:1,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 where\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 preincarnate\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f4 Logos\expndtw4\f1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 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\expndtw0 Y.\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 C\expndtw0 ampbell,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote Ko\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 non\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ts\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 C\expndtw0 ognates in\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 New\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Tes\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ament,\rdblquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0\i JBL\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i0 51\par \pard\li115\sb24\sl-160\slmult0 (1932)\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 352-80.\par \pard\fi144\li115\ri133\sl-190\slmult0 77\expndtw1 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 gu\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 ent that\expndtw2 \expndtw0\f4 koinw\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ia\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 s\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 m\expndtw1 \expndtw0 u\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ed\expndtw1 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents and\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote bo\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 rowed\rdblquote by\expndt@w2 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author of 1\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 ohn is made by John Pa\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 , \ldblquote The \expndtw-2\lquote\expndtw0 Opponen\expndtw-3 t\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\rquote \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n 1 John,\rdblquote\expndtw-2 \expndtw0\i NT\expndtw-2 S\expndtw0\i0 32 (1986)\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 48-71 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 ee esp. p. 54).\par \pard\li104\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\expndtw-2\f0\fs22 5\expndtw0 0\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\par \pard\sl-116\slmult0\fs10\par \pard\li104\ri112\sl-210\slmult0\qj\f1\fs18 3:10;\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 hlm\expndtw9 \expndtw0 6).\up4\fs7 78 \expndtw1 \expndtw-2\up0\fs18 S\expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 argued\expndtw8 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 P\expndtw-3 a\expnAdtw0 uline\expndtw9 \expndtw0 concept\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 mutual\expndtw9 \expndtw0 commitment\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 common\expndtw9 \expndtw0 pur\- pose\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 behind\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 use\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 term\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 so\expndtw4 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 elicit\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw5 \expndtw0 rea\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0\- er\rquote s\expndtw1 \expndtw0 commitment\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 his\expndtw1 \expndtw0 own\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f4 ko\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 nw\expndtw-2 ni\expndtw0 a\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 rather\eBxpndtw1 \expndtw0 than\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f4 ko\expndtw-2 in\expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ia\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sec\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ssionist\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents. 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l\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 s\expndtw0\i0 , 63-69, and S\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 recker, \i The Johannine Let\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 er\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 , 20.\par \pard\fi144\li104\ri117\sb4\sl-190\slmult0 81\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Again,\expndtw18 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 he\expndtw19 \expndtw0 con\expndtw-3 j\expndtw0 unct\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on \expndtw-19 \expndtw-2\f2 i\expndtw0 na\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f4 Ji\expndtw-2 na\expndtw0\f1 ),\expndtw18 \expndtTw-2 li\expndtw0 te\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 al\expndtw-2 l\expndtw0 y\expndtw18 \expndtw0\ldblquote in\expndtw18 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 der\expndtw17 \expndtw0 tha\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0\rdblquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (N\expndtw-3 E\expndtw0 T\expndtw18 \expndtw0 B\fs10 IBL\expndtw-4 E\expndtw0\fs16 ,\expndtw17 \expndtw0\ldblquote so\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 hat\rdblquote )\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 ndica\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 es\expndtw18 \expndtw0 pu\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 po\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 e he\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 e.\par \pard\li115\sb8\sl-220\slmult0\expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 1\endash\expndtw0 4\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 (\expndtw-2 P\expndtw0\fs14 R\expndtw-2 OL\expndtw0 O\expndtw-2 G\expndtw0 U\expndtw-2 E\expndtw0\fs22 )\f1 \expndtw-27 \expndtw-2\f0 5\expndtw0 1\par \pard\sl-116\slmult0\fs10\par \pard\li115\ri102\sl210\slmult0\qj\f1\fs18 2:1, \expndtw-22 \expUndtw0 2:7,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 2:8, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 2:12,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 2:13, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 2:14,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 2:21, \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 2:26,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 and \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 ultimately \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 5:13. \expndtw-22 \expndtw0 In \expndtw-23 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ffect \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 the \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 statement \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 in \expndtw-23 \expndtw0 1:4a forms\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 bracket\expndtw1 \expndtw0 along\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 5:13, where\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f2 ta\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ta\f1 (\f4 tauta\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 these\expndtw1 \expndtw0 things\rdblquote )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 again\expndtw1 \expndtw0 used. Thus\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 use of\expndtw7 \expndtw0\f2 ta\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ta\expndtw8\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f4 tauta\f1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:4\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ties\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 eyewitness\expndtw4 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 what\expndtw5 \expndtw0 follows,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 while\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the use\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 5:13\expndtw17 \expndtw0 looks\expndtw15 \expndtw0 back\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 what\expndtw15 \expndtw0 has\expndtw16 \expndtw0 preceded.\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 urther\expndtw15 \expndtw0 confirmation\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 may\expndtw16 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 found\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the \f4 J\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 na\f1 -clauses of 1:4 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd 5:13, both of whi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h refer to the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor\rquote s purpos\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 in writing the l\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tter.\par } W.2210;}\viewkind4\uc1\pard\sb120\sa120\lang2058\expndtw-2\f0\fs22 5\expndtw0 2\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N \par \b\f1\fs22 1 Joh\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 1\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 5-2:2\b0\par \b\i\fs20 Str\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ure\b0\i0\par \fs18 The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 key\expndtw14 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 understanding\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 first\expndtw15 \expndtw0 major\expndtw15 \expndtw0 section\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1:5-3:10,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw14 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 found\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 summary\expndtw7 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 5:\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote God\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 light\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hiXm\expndtw7 \expndtw0 there\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 no\expndtw6 \expndtw0 darkness\expndtw6 \expndtw0 at\expndtw7 \expndtw0 all.\rdblquote\expndtw6 \expndtw0 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 idea\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of \ldblquote proclamation\rdblquote\emdash the apostolic procl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 mation of eyewitness testimony which was introduced in the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (1:2-3)\emdash is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 picked\expndtw19 \expndtw0 up\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1:5\expndtw19 \expndtw0 by\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 use\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 noun \f2 ajgg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 an\expndtw-3 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote [gospel] message\rdblquote ) and the verb \f2 aj\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 agg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 om\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\f1Y (\f3 ana\expndtw-2 n\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 lo\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\f1 , \ldblquote announc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0\rdblquote ), cognate to the v\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rb in 1:3.\up4\fs7 82 \up0\fs18 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 content\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 pro\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 lamation\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 given\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f3 Jot\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0\f1 -clause\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:5\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 assertion\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 God is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 light,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 so\expndtw8 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 should\expndtw9 \expndtw0 understand\expndtw8 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 st\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tement\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw9 \expndtw0 restatementZ\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 somewhat\expndtw9 \expndtw0 differ\- ent terms) of the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 postolic \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 yewitness testimony introdu\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ed in the prologu\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\up4\fs7 83\up0\par \expndtw-2\fs18 F\expndtw0 ollowing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 basic\expndtw7 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:5\expndtw7 \expndtw0 are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 series\expndtw6 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 laims\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 counterclaims\expndtw7 \expndtw0 between the author \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd his opponents. These m\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ke up the first major unit of 1 John (1:5-2:2).\par \b 1:5\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Now\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw5 \expndtw0 gos\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 el\expndtw3 \expndtw0 message\expndtw5 \expndt[w0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 eard\expndtw2 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 im\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw4 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 nn\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 un\expndtw0 ce\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 yo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 : God is light, an\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 him t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ere is no dar\expndtw-2 kn\expndtw0 ess at all.\b0\par \b\i\fs20 S\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \fs18 The word\expndtw2 \expndtw0\b\i Now\b0\i0 at th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ginning of v. 5 \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 onnects the\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b\i gospel message\b0\i0 with what h\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s pre\- ceded\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 vv.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 1-4\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 prologue).\expndtw18 \expndtw0 The\expndtw19 \expndtw0\b\i message\expndtw19 \expndtw0\b0\i0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 fers\expndtw19 \\expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 yewitness\expndtw18 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw17 \expndtw0 about\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 life and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 proclaimed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 by\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 rest\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 apostolic witnesses. This \b\i message \b0\i0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lates to the salvation of the hear\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs/readers, since its purpose is to bring\expndtw17 \expndtw0 them\expndtw17 \expndtw0 into\expndtw17 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw17 \expndtw0 with\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God\expndtw17 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 with\expndtw17 \expndtw0 ]the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw17 \expndtw0 witnesses\expndtw16 \expndtw0 (cf.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 1:3).\expndtw18 \expndtw0 The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 content\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 message,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b\i God\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 light,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 im\expndtw3 \expndtw0 there\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 o\expndtw3 \expndtw0 dark\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ess\expndtw2 \expndtw0 at\expndtw3 \expndtw0 all\b0\i0 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 description\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 quali\- ty\expndtw21 \expndtw0 or\expndtw21 \expndtw0 attribute\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 God.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 As\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 following\expndtw21 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ontext\expndtw21 \expndt^w0 and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 introduction\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 light/darkness\expndtw20 \expndtw0 im\- agery\expndtw15 \expndtw0 make\expndtw15 \expndtw0 clear,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 involves\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw15 \expndtw0 realm\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 des\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ription\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 character\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as pure and \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ompletely sinl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ss.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 co\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 j\expndtw-2 un\expndtw0 ction\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b0\f2 kai\expndtw2\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\exp_ndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 translated\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 NET\expndtw3 \expndtw0 B\fs12 I\expndtw-2 B\expndtw0 LE \expndtw-3\fs18 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote now\rdblquote )\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b at\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 egin\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of 1:5.\expndtw16 \expndtw0\b0 This\expndtw15 \expndtw0 conjunction\expndtw15 \expndtw0 forms\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 link\expndtw15 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 tween\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (1:1-4)\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 present\expndtw15 \expndtw0 section,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 1:5-2:2.\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome\expndtw1 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 att\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 mpted\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 treat\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 as` inferential\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (i.\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote thus\rdblquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote therefore\rdblquote ), indicating\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 further conclusion\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 follows\expndtw15 \expndtw0 from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1:3\expndtw15 \expndtw0 expressing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 purpose,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 namely,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 that the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw1 \expndtw0 might\expndtw1 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (\f2 ko\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 nw\expndtw-3 n\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 an\f1 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\f3 ko\expndtw-2 in\expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ia\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 author\expndtw1 \expndtwa0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 those\expndtw1 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 speak the same thing \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 long with him (i.e., the oth\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r bear\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs of the apostolic t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 stimony).\par Another\expndtw15 \expndtw0 possibility\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0\f2 kai\expndtw15\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw15 \expndtw0 at\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1:5\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ontinuative\expndtw15 \expndtw0 rather than\expndtw5 \expndtw0 inferenti\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw2 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw5 \expndtw0 should\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 translated\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote and.\rdblquote\expndtw4 \expndtw0 It\expndtw3 \expndtw0 expresses\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtbw0 transition\expndtw3 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 prologue (1:1-4)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 first\expndtw5 \expndtw0 major\expndtw7 \expndtw0 se\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tion\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 work,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 indicating\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 there\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 link\expndtw5 \expndtw0 between\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 prologue and the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 following mat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rial,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 where themes\expndtw20 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 prologue will\expndtw21 \expndtw0 be rep\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ated and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 ex\- panded.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Confirmation\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 m\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 y\expndtw6 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 found\cexpndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1:19,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 where\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 first\expndtw5 \expndtw0 verse\expndtw5 \expndtw0 after\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 prologue to the Gosp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l also b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 gins with \f2 kai\f1 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 ).\par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 till\expndtw3 \expndtw0 another\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 probably\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 best)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 possibility\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 kai\expndtw3\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 at\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of 1:5\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 resumptive,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 picking\expndtw9 \expndtw0 up\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 theme\edxpndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 proclamation\expndtw9 \expndtw0 or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 announcement\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw7 \expndtw0 eye\- witness testimony) from the prologue, as indicated by the phrases \ldblquote heard from him and announce to you\rdblquote in 1:5, which echo similar statements found in 1:3. In this case kai (kai) should be trans\- lated as \ldblquote now.\rdblquote\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 5\endash\expndtw0 2\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 2\f1 \expndtw-2\f0 5\expndtw0 3\f1 \fs18\par \b The mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing of \b0\f2 agg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 (\f3 an\expndtw-3 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 , \ldblquote [gospel] mess\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ge\rdblquote ) \b in 1:5. \b0 This word occurs only\expndtw11 \expndtw0 twice\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 New\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Testament,\expndtw10 \eexpndtw0 here\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 3:11.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 cognate\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 pagg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw12\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 e\expndtw-4 p\expndtw0 an\f4\-\f1 \f3 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 )\expndtw17 \expndtw0 which\expndtw14 \expndtw0 occurs\expndtw17 \expndtw0 mu\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw16 \expndtw0 more\expndtw15 \expndtw0 frequently\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (some\expndtw15 \expndtw0 52\expndtw16 \expndtw0 times\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 New\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Testament)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 including\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 2:25.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 BAGD\expndtw3 \expndtw0 offers\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 me\expndtw-3 a\expfndtw0 ning\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote message\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 which\expndtw2 \expndtw0 suggests\expndtw3 \expndtw0 some\expndtw3 \expndtw0 overlap\expndtw2 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 mantic range\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f2 l\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 go"\f1 (\f3 logo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 although\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 spe\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ific\expndtw1 \expndtw0 context\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:5\expndtw1 \expndtw0 BAGD\expndtw1 \expndtw0 suggests\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the gospel.\up4\fs7 84 \up0\fs18 (The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 precise\expndtw1 \expndtw0 content\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote good\expndtw1 \expndtw0 news\rdblquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lled\gexpndtw1 \expndtw0 out\expndtw1 \expndtw0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f3 Joti\f1 -clause\expndtw1 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw1 \expndtw0 follows in 1:5b.)\par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 uch\expndtw10 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 connection\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 ajgg\expndtw-4 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw12\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 an\expndtw-3 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 gospel\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 strange\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 it\expndtw11 \expndtw0 may at\expndtw5 \expndtw0 first\expndtw5 \expndtw0 appear,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 since\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Greek\expndtw5 \expndtw0 word\expndtw5 \expndtw0 usually\expndtw5 \expndtw0 associated\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \exphndtw0 N\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 w\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 gospel,\rdblquote \expndtw-2\f2 eu\expndtw0 aggel\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\expndtw3\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 e\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expndtw0 which\expndtw3 \expndtw0 English\expndtw1 \expndtw0 words\expndtw3 \expndtw0 like\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote evangelism\rdblquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 vangelist\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 de\- rived), occurs only on\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e in the entire Johannine corpus\up4\fs7 85 \up0\fs18 of the New Testament,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 in Rev. 14:6, where\expndtw3 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 far\expndtw1 \expndtw0 from\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ertain\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 iti\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 te\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hnical\expndtw3 \expndtw0 term.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 word\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f2 ajgg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw4\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 an\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 e\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 ia\f1 )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 context in which it occurs here appears to be virtu\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lly equivalent to \expndtw-2\f2 eu\expndtw0 aggel\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\f1 (\f3 e\expndtw-4 u\expndtw0 ang\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 ): (1) it refers\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 pro\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 lamation\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 eyewitn\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss\expndtw4 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 life\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expnjdtw0 ministry\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Christ as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 proclaimed\expndtw10 \expndtw0 by\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 rest\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw11 \expndtw0 witnesses\expndtw10 \expndtw0 (see\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 prologue,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 especially 1:3-4), and (2) it relat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s to the salvation of the hearers or readers, since the purpose of this proclamation is to bring them into fellowship with God and with the apostolic witn\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sses (1:3).\par \b The\expndtw9 \expndtw0 refere\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 t\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b0\f2 a\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 tou\expndtw8\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 autou\f1 ,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote [from]\expndtw9 \expndtw0 him\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw9k \expndtw0 1:5.\expndtw10 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\expndtw9 \expndtw0 says\expndtw8 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the other\expndtw21 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw19 \expndtw0 witnesses\expndtw18 \expndtw0 have\expndtw21 \expndtw0 heard\expndtw19 \expndtw0 this\expndtw21 \expndtw0\lquote gosp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw21 \expndtw0 message\rquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 which\expndtw21 \expndtw0 they\expndtw18 \expndtw0 proclaim\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 readers from \ldblquote him.\expndtw-2\rdblquote\expndtw0 To whom does this pronoun r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 fer?\par The last third person pronoun reference prior to this one is found \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t the end of 1:3, \f2 metaV\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw-3\f2 t\expndtw0 ou\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 uio\expndtw0 u\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw0\f2 a\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 tou\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw0\f2 =Ihs\expndtw-l3 o\expndtw0 u\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw0\f2 Cris\expndtw-2 to\expndtw0 u\expndtw12\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 m\expndtw-4 e\expndtw0 ta\f1 \f3 tou\f1 \f3 J\expndtw-2 ui\expndtw0 ou\f1 \f3 autou\f1 \expndtw-3\f3 I\expndtw0 hsou\f1 \f3 C\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 isto\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw12 \expndtw0\ldblquote and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with \expndtw-2\b h\expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw-2\b0 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Christ\rdblquote ).\expndtw12 \expndtw0 This\expndtw11 \expndtw0 pronoun,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 followed\expndtw11 \expndtw0 by\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0\ldblquote\i his\expndtw11 \expndtw-2\i0 S\expndtw0 on,\rdblquote\expndtw10 \expndtw0 must refer\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Howev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 leaves\expndtmw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ref\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rence\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Christ,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 at\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 end\expndtw8 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:3\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as the logical antecedent of the third p\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rson pronoun \f2 aut\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\f1 (\f3 autou\f1 , \ldblquote [from] him\rdblquote ) in 1:5. This would\expndtw9 \expndtw0 also\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 consistent\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 eyewitness\expndtw8 \expndtw0 nature\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw9 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw9 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the prologue,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 espe\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ially\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 referennce\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 beginning\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1:1,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 which\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw13 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 alre\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 dy\expndtw13 \expndtw0 understood to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 public\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ministry,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lf-revelation\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 disciples\expndtw-3 .\expndtw0\up4\fs7 86 \up0\fs18 It\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 through\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw5 \expndtw0 revelation\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hiomself\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 disciples,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 vealed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 what God\expndtw13 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 like\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (John\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1:18).\expndtw12 \expndtw0 This\expndtw11 \expndtw0 fits\expndtw13 \expndtw0 perf\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ctly\expndtw13 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 content\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0\lquote gospel\rquote\expndtw11 \expndtw0 given\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the following\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f3 Joti\f1 -clause,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 light\i0 ,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 when\expndtw11 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 recall\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 proclaim\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expnpdtw11 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the light\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 world\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (John\expndtw3 \expndtw0 8:12).\expndtw4 \expndtw0 I\expndtw3 \expndtw0 do\expndtw3 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 think\expndtw3 \expndtw0 it\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 nec\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ssary\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 say,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Z.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 C.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Hodges\expndtw4 \expndtw0 does,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 deliberately\expndtw13 \expndtw0 chose\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 third\expndtw13 \expndtw0 person\expndtw13 \expndtw0 pronoun\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 ord\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 ambiguous.\up4\fs7 87 \up0\fs18 It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\exqpndtw13 \expndtw0 true\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the \lquote gospel\rquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 which\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw15 \expndtw0 witnesses\expndtw14 \expndtw0 had\expndtw14 \expndtw0 he\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rd\expndtw15 \expndtw0 came\expndtw15 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0 God,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 but\expndtw15 \expndtw0 it\expndtw15 \expndtw0 came\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw14 \expndtw0 way\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Jesus Christ and his self-rev\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lation: he it was who perfe\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tly revealed wh\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t God is lik\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\par \b The\expndtw21 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw18 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b0\f2 o\f1 \f2 qeo"\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 f\expndtw0 w"\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 st\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\expndtw21\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Jo\f1 \f3 qeos\f1 \f3 fws\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 stin\f1 ,\expndrtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote God\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote )\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 1:5. \b0 This statement occurs in the \f3 Joti\f1 -clause in 1:5b. Bl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ss-Debrunner considers the phr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 se \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 stin\f1 \f2 auth \expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ajgg\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\f3 est\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 n\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 J\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 th\f1 \f3 Jh\f1 \f3 ang\expndtw-2 e\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 ia\f1 , \ldblquote this is the gosp\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 l m\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ssage\rdblquote ) as \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 quivalent to a v\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rb of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 saying,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 and thus\expndtw1 \expndtw0 lab\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ls\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 following\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f3 Joti\f1 -clause\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (\expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 God\expsndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light\'85\rdblquote )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 as indirect\expndtw1 \expndtw0 discourse.\up4\fs7 88\up0\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 5\expndtw0 4\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\f1 \par \fs18 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 predicate\expndtw1 \expndtw0 nominative\expndtw3 \expndtw0\f2 f\expndtw-4 w\expndtw0 "\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 fw\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote light\rdblquote )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 an\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rthrous,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 as it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 also\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John 4:8. This\expndtw1 \expndtw0 prob\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- ably\expndtw9 \expndtw0 indicat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 qualitative\expndtw9 \expndtw0 forc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 since\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 context\expndtw9 \expndtw0t in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 no\expndtw8 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 y\expndtw8 \expndtw0 demands\expndtw6 \expndtw0 definiteness.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Thus\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 identity\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (\ldblquote God\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 =\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote light\rdblquote ),\expndtw14 \expndtw0 but\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 description\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 quality\expndtw13 \expndtw0 or\expndtw15 \expndtw0 attribute\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 God. As the following context and the introduction of the light/darkness motif make clear, this in\- volves\expndtw18 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw19 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 alm\expndtw19 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 thus\expndtw19 \expndtw0 constitutes\expndtw16 \expndtw0 a\expndtw19u \expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 scription\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw19 \expndtw0 charact\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw19 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0 pure\expndtw19 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 com\- pletely\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sinless.\expndtw17 \expndtw0 The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author\expndtw17 \expndtw0 goes\expndtw16 \expndtw0 on\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 explain\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 ethical\expndtw17 \expndtw0 implications\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw17 \expndtw0 des\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ription\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the following verses, both for the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 laims of the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts and for the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor\rquote s r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aders.\par \b 1:6\expndtw17 \expndtw0 If\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\expndtw17 \expndtw0 say\expndtw14 \expndtw0 we\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtvw15 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw17 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 im\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw16 \expndtw0 y\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 t\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 k\expndtw0 eep\expndtw14 \expndtw0 on\expndtw16 \expndtw0 walking\expndtw16 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 ark\- \expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ess, we are lyi\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 g an\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 \expndtw-3 n\expndtw0 ot practicing t\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 e tr\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 .\b0\par \b\i\fs20 S\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \fs18 Verse\expndtw3 \expndtw0 6 begins\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 series of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 six\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b\i if\b0\i0 -clauses\expndtw2 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw3 \expndtw0 end\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 2:1.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 These\expndtw1 \expndtw0 divide\expndtw3 \expndtw0 into\expndtw1 \expndtw0 three\expndwtw1 \expndtw0 pairs, each\expndtw9 \expndtw0 p\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ir\expndtw9 \expndtw0 consisting\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i If\expndtw7 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 say\'85\expndtw8 \expndtw0\b0\i0 follow\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw8 \expndtw0 by\expndtw6 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 neg\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw9 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (representing\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of the sec\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ssionist opponents\expndtw21 \expndtw0 and their\expndtw21 \expndtw0 results,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 vv.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 6,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 8,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 10) and \b\i But\expndtw21 \expndtw0 if\'85 \b0\i0 followed\expndtw21 \expndtw0 by a\expndtw21 \expndtw0 positive statement (r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 presenting the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ounterclaims of the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor of 1 John, in vv. 7, 9, and 2:1).\par The\expndtw21 \expndtw0 statem\expndtw-3 e\expnxdtw0 nts\expndtw21 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw19 \expndtw0 with\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b\i If\expndtw19 \expndtw0 we\expndtw21 \expndtw0 say\'85\expndtw21 \expndtw-3\b0\i0 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw21 \expndtw0 repres\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nting\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 oppo\- nents\expndtw11 \expndtw0 should\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 re\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 d\expndtw10 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 hypothetical\expndtw11 \expndtw0 force:\expndtw9 \expndtw0\ldblquote If\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 were\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 say\'85.\rdblquote\expndtw10 \expndtw0 How\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ver,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 these\expndtw11 \expndtw0 statem\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts reflect\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 real\expndtw5 \expndtw0 concern\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ythat\expndtw5 \expndtw0 some\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christians\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 being (or soon will be) influ\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nced by the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 hristological te\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ching of the opponents.\par According\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 6,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 if\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 person\expndtw3 \expndtw0 says\expndtw2 \expndtw0\b\i we\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 im\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\i0 (God)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw2 \expndtw0 yet\expndtw3 \expndtw0 goes\expndtw2 \expndtw0 on \b\i walking\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 dark\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 es\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\b0\i0 z,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 person\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b\i lying\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b0\i0 about\expndtw5 \expndtw0 having\expndtw7 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i practic\- ing\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 truth\b0\i0 .\expndtw1 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b\i practicing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 truth\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\i0 means living\expndtw3 \expndtw0 out\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 truth\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 lifestyle\expndtw1 \expndtw0 obedient\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to God.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 The most\expndtw21 \expndtw0 important par\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 llel is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John 3:20-21,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 where\expndtw21 \expndtw0 we are\expndtw21 \expndtw0 told\expndtw21 \expndtw0\ldblquote Everyone{ who\expndtw21 \expndtw0 does [= practices]\expndtw3 \expndtw0 evil\expndtw5 \expndtw0 hates\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 light\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 do\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw4 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 come\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 light\'85but\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\expndtw3 \expndtw0 who\expndtw5 \expndtw0 pr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ctices\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 truth comes\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 light,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 so\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it\expndtw9 \expndtw0 may\expndtw6 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 plainly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 evident\expndtw9 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 deeds\expndtw8 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 been\expndtw6 \expndtw0 done\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God.\rdblquote\expndtw8 \expndtw0| The problem with the opponents li\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 s not with th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir boast th\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t they h\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ve f\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 llowship with God, but with their contradi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tory behavior\emdash they \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ontinue\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b\i walking i\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 the darkn\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\b0\i0 .\up4\fs7 89\up0\par \b\i\fs20 Str\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ure\b0\i0\par \fs18 Verse\expndtw3 \expndtw0 6\expndtw2 \expndtw0 begins\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 first\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 series\expndtw2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 six\expndtw3 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote if\rdblquote )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 clauses\expndtw2 \expndtw0 which\expndtw2 \expndtw0 end\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \e}xpndtw0 2:1. These\expndtw11 \expndtw0 may\expndtw10 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 divided\expndtw10 \expndtw0 into\expndtw11 \expndtw0 three\expndtw11 \expndtw0 pairs,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 each\expndtw10 \expndtw0 pair\expndtw11 \expndtw0 consisting\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (a)\expndtw11 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw19\f1 \expndtw0\f2 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pwm\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 ei\expndtw0 pw\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\f1 , \ldblquote if\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw13 \expndtw0 say,\rdblquote\expndtw12 \expndtw0 representing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 adversaries)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 follow\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 negative\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the apodosis\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and (b)\expndtw5~ \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ea\expndtw-4 n\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote if,\rdblquote\expndtw2 \expndtw0 reflecting\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 counter-cl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ims\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 positive\expndtw3 \expndtw0 state\- ment in the apodosis.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 significa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ce\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 egative\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw6 \expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 ositive\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 oses\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 six\expndtw13 \expndtw-2\b0\f2 ea\expndtw0 n\expndtw9\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ea\expndtw-4 n\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b clauses in 1:6-2:1. \b0 All three of the n\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 gative apodoses are introduced by a protasis with \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\f1 \f2 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pwm\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n \f1 (\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 wm\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote if\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw1 \expndtw0 say,\rdblquote\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1:6,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 8,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 10),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 while\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 positive\expndtw1 \expndtw0 apodoses\expndtw2 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw3 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 protases containing\expndtw3 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ea\expndtw-4 n\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 alone\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (1:7,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 9,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 2:1).\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expn€dtw3 \expndtw0 st\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tements\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw9\f1 \expndtw0\f2 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pwm\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw3\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 ei\expndtw0 pw\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\f1 )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 have hypothetical for\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e (\ldblquote If we should say\'85\rdblquote ) but they reflect the real concern of the author that some\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Christians\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 being\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (or\expndtw5 \expndtw0 will\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 influen\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ed\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 teaching\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents;\expndtw3 \expndtw0 they\expndtw3 \expndtw0 may\expndtw3 \expndtw0 even\expndtw3 \expndtw0 represent\expndtw3 \expndtw0 f\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 vorite\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sayings\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw3 \expndtw0 themselves.\up4\fs7 90 \up0\fs18 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 three negative\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 podoses\expndtw2 \expndtw0 following\expndtw3 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\expndtw3\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 wm\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 intended\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 bring\expndtw1 \expndtw0 out\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 implica\- tions\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 following\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents\rquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 te\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ching,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 while\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 t‚hree\expndtw15 \expndtw0 positive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 apodoses\expndtw12 \expndtw0 (preceded\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn \f1 [\f3 ea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 ] only) reflect th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 impli\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ation of following the orthodox (apostolic) t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aching of the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor.\par \b 1:5\endash 2:2 55 \par The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 force\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw0 first\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\f2 kai\expndtw2\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote and\rdblquote )\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw2 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 clause\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:6\expndtw3 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw1 \expndtw0 by\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 first \f2 kai\f1 (\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 ) is structurally parallel to the first part of the protasis, \ƒexpndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\f1\'85(\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 ei\expndtw0 pw\f4\-\f1 \f3 m\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1\'85),\expndtw12 \expndtw0 but\expndtw13 \expndtw0 logically\expndtw11 \expndtw0 it\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 subordinate,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 expressing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 condition\expndtw11 \expndtw0 circumstantial\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 first\expndtw13 \expndtw0 part\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 protasis.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Blass-D\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 brunner\expndtw1 \expndtw0 considers\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 an\expndtw1 \expndtw0 adversative\expndtw1 \expndtw0 use\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0\f2 kai\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 where\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tual\expndtw1 \expndtw0 contrast\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\- volved,\expndtw10 \expndt„w0 suggesting\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 tr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nslation\expndtw9 \expndtw0\ldblquote and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 yet.\rdblquote\up4\fs7 91 \up0\fs18 Thus\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 force\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 first\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 kai\expndtw9\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote If\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 say that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 we\expndtw17 \expndtw0 have\expndtw17 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw17 \expndtw0 with\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God\expndtw17 \expndtw0\i and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 yet\expndtw17 \expndtw0\i0 continue\expndtw17 \expndtw0 walking\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 darkness,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 then\'85\rdblquote\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 apo\- dosis follows).\par \b The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 refe\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0… t\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b0\f2 a\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 tou\expndtw14\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 auto\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote [with]\expndtw15 \expndtw0 him\rdblquote )\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw14 \expndtw-2\b0 S\expndtw0 ince\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 last\expndtw13 \expndtw0 third\expndtw15 \expndtw0 p\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rson\expndtw15 \expndtw0 pro\- noun\expndtw16 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1:5,\expndtw18 \expndtw0\f2 a\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 tw\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 aut\expndtw-3 w\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote [in]\expndtw17 \expndtw0 him\rdblquote ),\expndtw18 \expndtw0 cl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 arly\expndtw17 \expndtw0 referred\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 it\expndtw17 \expndtw0 se\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ms\expndtw17 \expndtw0 almost\expndtw17 \expndtw0 certain\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this pronoun †in 1:6 should refer to God as w\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ll.\par \b The significa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ce of t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e \expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 rese\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 t te\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 se of \b0\f2 pe\expndtw-2 ri\expndtw0 pa\expndtw-3 t\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\f1 (\f3 p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 ip\expndtw0 atwm\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\f1 , \ldblquote keep on walking\rdblquote ) \b in 1:6. \b0 The context of this st\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tement in 1:6 indicates clearly that the progressive (sometimes\expndtw20 \expndtw0 called\expndtw21 \expndtw0 continuative,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 or\expndtw21 \expndtw0 durative)\expndtw21 \expndtw0 use\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 present\expndtw21 \expndtw0 tens\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 one\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 its\expndtw21 \expndtw0 most\expndtw21 \expndtw0 common uses,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 must\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \‡expndtw0 view\expndtw5 \expndtw0 here.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 relationship\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ri\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 tw\expndtw0 men\expndtw7\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 p\expndtw-4 e\expndtw0 ri\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 atwm\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\expndtw5\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pw\f4\-\f1 \f3 m\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 particular\expndtw19 \expndtw0 importance\expndtw19 \expndtw0 for\expndtw19 \expndtw0 understanding\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 probl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 m\expndtw19 \expndtw0 expressed\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 We\expndtw19 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ve\expndtw19 \expndtw0 al\- ready noted above that the first \f2 kai\f1 (\f3 ka\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw2ˆ2 \expndtw0\ldblquote and yet\rdblquote ) in 1:6 has adversative for\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e. If someone should say (\expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\f1 , \f3 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pw\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\f1 ) that he has f\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 llowship with God, and yet continues walking \f2 p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ri\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 tw\expndtw0 men\f1 ,\expndtw15 \expndtw0\f3 p\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw-2 ip\expndtw0 atwm\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\f1 )\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 darkness,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 then\expndtw14 \expndtw0 it\expndtw17 \expndtw0 follows\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (as\expndtw16 \expndtw0 expressed\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 apodosis\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 conditional\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sentence)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 such\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 person\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expnd‰tw11 \expndtw0 lying\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 not\expndtw13 \expndtw0 practicing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 truth.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 al\- most certainly h\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 claims of the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts in view h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 re.\par \b The\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 ac\expndtw-2 k\expndtw0 gro\expndtw-2 un\expndtw0 d\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw15 \expndtw0 light/dar\expndtw-2 kn\expndtw0 ess\expndtw12 \expndtw0 motif\expndtw15 \expndtw0 intro\expndtw-2 du\expndtw0 ced\expndtw12 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw14 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 prob\- lem\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw11 \expndtw0 lies\expnŠdtw10 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 boast\expndtw11 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw11 \expndtw0 they\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw11 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God, but\expndtw13 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 their\expndtw13 \expndtw0 contradi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tory\expndtw13 \expndtw0 behavior:\expndtw11 \expndtw0 they\expndtw13 \expndtw0 continue\expndtw11 \expndtw0 walking\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 darkness\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 same\expndtw13 \expndtw0 time they\expndtw14 \expndtw0 are\expndtw13 \expndtw0 making\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw13 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw0 God.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 To\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expnd‹tw15 \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 proves\expndtw12 \expndtw0 conclusively that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw5 \expndtw0 lying,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 points\expndtw5 \expndtw0 out\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 apodosis\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (1:6b).\expndtw6 \expndtw0 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 contrast\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 light\expndtw7 \expndtw0 occurs because\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw3 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fellowship\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 God,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 who\expndtw5 \expndtw0 has\expndtw2 \expndtw0 been\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ch\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 racterized\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw4 \expndtw0\ldblquote light\rdblquote in 1:5.\par \b\i The\expndtw19 \expndtw0Œ light\b0 /\b dark\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ess\expndtw16 \expndtw0 motif\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Jo\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 an\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ine\expndtw17 \expndtw0 theology.\expndtw20 \expndtw0\b0\i0 In\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Old\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw17 \expndtw0 God\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 com\- pared with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light\expndtw1 \expndtw0 on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 several\expndtw1 \expndtw0 occasions\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (e.g., \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 s 27:1;\expndtw1 \expndtw0 36:9).\up4\fs7 92 \up0\fs18 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 constrast\expndtw1 \expndtw0 between\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 dark\- ness\expndtw2 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 also\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 major\expndtw1 \expndtw0 theme\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Dead\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ea\expndtw1 \expndtw0 S\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 rolls\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (1QS\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1:9-10).\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light/darkness motif\expndtw3 \expndtw0 occurs in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 number\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 places in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 New\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Testam\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (cf.,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 for\expndtw1 \expndtw0 example,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Eph\expndtw1 \expndtw0 5:6-8), but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 especially\expndtw1 \expndtw0 evi\- dent\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw11 \expndtw0 literature.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 an\expndtw13 \expndtw0 important\expndtw11 \expndtw0 theme\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 prologue\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw11 \expndŽtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John, especially\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1:5.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 One\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 most\expndtw3 \expndtw0 important\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sections\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Gospel,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 containing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 key\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 number of themes within it, is 3:16-21. In 3:19 we \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 re told that people \expndtw-2\ldblquote\expndtw0 loved the\expndtw6 \expndtw0\i darknes\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\i0 rath\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r than the \i light\i0 , because\expndtw21 \expndtw0 their deeds were evil.\rdblquote The author goes on to state in 3:20 that \ldblquote everyone who practices\expndtw2 \expndtw0 evil\expndtw3 \expndtw0 hates\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw3 \expndtw0 refuses\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 come\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 it,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 be\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ause\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fear\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 evil\expndtw3 \expndtw0 deeds\expndtw2 \expndtw0 will\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be exposed\expndtw17 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0 what\expndtw17 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 y\expndtw16 \expndtw0 are.\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 inally\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 3:21\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 one\expndtw15 \expndtw0 who\expndtw17 \expndtw0\ldblquote pr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ctices\expndtw16 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 truth\rdblquote\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (s\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 me\expndtw17 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw15 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0 1 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1:6)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 comes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 light.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 picture\expndtw5 \expndtw0 painted\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 3:16-21\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\expndtw5 \expndtw0 where\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 affinity\expndtw5 \expndtw0 for \lquote light\rquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0\lquote darkness\rquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 serves\expndtw4 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 reveal\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 inn\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw5 \expndtw0 nature.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 One\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 forced\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 decision\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ally\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\-\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 5\expndtw0 6\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\f1 \par \fs18 self\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 side\expndtw9 \expndtw0 or\expndtw9 \e‘xpndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 other.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 A\expndtw9 \expndtw0 response\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 evoked;\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 cannot\expndtw9 \expndtw0 just\expndtw9 \expndtw0 remain\expndtw9 \expndtw0 neutr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Either\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one comes to the light, \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd it becomes evident that one belongs there, or one hates the light and shrinks\expndtw5 \expndtw0 back\expndtw2 \expndtw0 into\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 darkness\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 hide\expndtw3 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 imagery\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 response\expndtw3 \expndtw0 used\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 3:16-21\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ap\- plies\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 an\expndtw17 \expndtw0 individual\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 respo’nse\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw14 \expndtw0 himself,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 who\expndtw17 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 identified\expndtw16 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 true\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Light\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John 1:4 and who identifies hims\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 lf \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s \ldblquote the Light of th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 world\rdblquote in John 8:12.\par \b\i The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 significa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ce\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light/darkness motif\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jo\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 n\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw4 \expndtw0\b0\i0 Because\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 central\expndtw1 \expndtw0 role this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 theme\expndtw5 \expndtw0 plays\expndtw4 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expn“dtw5 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 almost\expndtw5 \expndtw0 certainly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 behind\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 introduction\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 motif in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 1 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 profess that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 they\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote come\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (using\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 language of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 3)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 reality\expndtw7 \expndtw0 done\expndtw9 \expndtw0 so,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 for\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\e”xpndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 their\expndtw9 \expndtw0 d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 eds\expndtw8 \expndtw0 prove\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 because they are \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ontinuing to \ldblquote walk in darkness.\expndtw-2\rdblquote\expndtw0 R\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ther, their way of life (\expndtw-2\ldblquote\expndtw0 walking\rdblquote ) d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 monstrates that they are lying in th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 laim to have fellowship with God who is light.\par \b The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b0\f2 poi\expndtw-2 ei\expndtw0 n\f1 \f2 a\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 hqe\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 an\expndtw15\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 po\expndtw-2 iei\expndtw0 n\f1 \f3 al\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 qe\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote practi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ing\expndtw15 \exp•ndtw0 [lit.,\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote doing\rdblquote ]\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the truth\rdblquote )\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1:6.\expndtw18 \expndtw0\b0 R.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 Brown\expndtw17 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 .\expndtw15 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 malley\expndtw19 \expndtw0 both\expndtw17 \expndtw0 consider\expndtw17 \expndtw0 this\expndtw17 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 emitic.\up4\fs7 93 \up0\fs18 It\expndtw17 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 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By far th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 most important p\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rallel is found in John 3:21, the on\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tim\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 the phr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 se occurs\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John.\expndtw15 \expndtw0 We\expndtw17 \expndtw0 have\expndtw17 \expndtw0 discussed\expndtw16 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 context\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw0 3:16-21\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 pre\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 eding section\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 commentary. The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 section\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John 3\expndtw1 \expndtw0 concludes by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 summarizing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 3:20-21, \ldblquote\expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ev\- eryone who does (\f2 pra\exp˜ndtw-3 v\expndtw0 ssw\expndtw-3 n\expndtw0\f1 , \f3 p\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 asswn\f1 ) evil deeds hates the light and does not come to the light\'85but\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one\expndtw15 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 practices\expndtw12 \expndtw0 (\f2 p\expndtw-4 o\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 n\f1 ,\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f3 po\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 wn\f1 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 truth\expndtw13 \expndtw0 comes\expndtw14 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 light,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 so\expndtw14 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 it\expndtw15 \expndtw0 may\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be plainly evident that his deeds have be\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n done in God.\rdblquote Note that the light/d\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rkness motif is present\expndtw17 \expndtw0 just\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1:6.\up4\fs7 94 \up0\fs18 In\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 language\expndtw17 \expnd™tw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 imagery\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 both\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw16 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to \ldblquote practice\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 truth\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 involves\expndtw6 \expndtw0 coming\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 light,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 resultant\expndtw7 \expndtw0 confirmation\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 affilia\- tion\expndtw5 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ince\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 cle\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nsing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 something\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 follows\expndtw1 \expndtw0Ÿ when\expndtw2 \expndtw0\b\i we\expndtw1 \expndtw0 walk\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light as \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 imself\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 light\b0\i0 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 must\expndtw1 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 cont\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 xt\expndtw1 \expndtw0 primarily\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ongoing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sanctification.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 This means\expndtw10 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i fellowship\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw9 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw11 \expndtw0 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\expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 positive\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 podosis\expndtw15 \expndtw0 which\expndtw14 \expndtw0 reflects\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 implications\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\¢expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (apostolic) teaching in contrast to the t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aching of the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 Do\expndtw7 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 ph\expndtw0 rases\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b0\ldblquote\b walking\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw0 light\b0\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b0\ldblquote\b t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 lood\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Jes\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 clea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ses\expndtw6 \expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 all sin\b0\rdblquote \b refer\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 initial\expndt£w21 \expndtw0 j\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 stification or\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to sa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ctifi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ation,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 or\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 ot\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ? \b0 If\expndtw21 \expndtw0 we understand\expndtw21 \expndtw0 these\expndtw21 \expndtw0 state\- ments\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 initial\expndtw5 \expndtw0 justification,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 force\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 conditional\expndtw5 \expndtw0 construction\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 podosis\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (\ldblquote if we\expndtw13 \expndtw0 walk\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 would\expndtw13 \expndtw0 make\expndtw11 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 justification\expndtw11 \expndtw0 contingent\expndtw1¤1 \expndtw0 upon\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw11 \expndtw0 deeds\expndtw12 \expndtw0 or\expndtw11 \expndtw0 behavior, and\expndtw19 \expndtw0 this\expndtw19 \expndtw0 comes\expndtw18 \expndtw0 perilously\expndtw19 \expndtw0 close\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 making\expndtw19 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw19 \expndtw0 salv\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion\expndtw19 \expndtw0 depend\expndtw18 \expndtw0 (at\expndtw19 \expndtw0 least\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 part)\expndtw19 \expndtw0 upon\expndtw18 \expndtw0 one\rquote s good works. This would,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 of course, contr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 dict the \expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 auline emphasis (Rom 5:1, G\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l 2:16, Eph 2:8-10, etc.) on justific\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion by faith alone, apart from works.\par \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw13 \expndtw0 suggested,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 ¥ \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw14 \expndtw0\i both\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i0 initi\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw15 \expndtw0 justification and\expndtw20 \expndtw0 su\expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 sequent\expndtw21 \expndtw0 sanctification\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 view\expndtw21 \expndtw0 here.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 One\expndtw21 \expndtw0 version\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 this\expndtw21 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 make\expndtw21 \expndtw0\ldblquote walk\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote here\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:7\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 equivalent\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote come\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 ¦John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 3:20-21,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 justification,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 while\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the following\expndtw3 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 blood\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 cleans\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw2 \expndtw0 us\expndtw2 \expndtw0 from\expndtw3 \expndtw0 all\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sin\rdblquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 process\expndtw2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sanctifi\- cation \i after \i0 one has come to the light. This is possible, of course, but it is open to question whether the phr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 se \expndtw-2\ldblquote\expndtw0 walk in the light\rdblquote \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 an r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ally refer to \i initial\i0 justific\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tion in this cont\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 xt.\par It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 seems\§expndtw11 \expndtw0 almost\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ertain\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote walk\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 light\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw11 \expndtw0 here\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 what\expndtw11 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 does\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i after\expndtw12 \expndtw0\i0 one has\expndtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote come\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 light,\rdblquote\expndtw20 \expndtw0 that\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 process\expndtw18 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 sanctification.\expndtw20 \expndtw0 As\expndtw19 \expndtw0 for\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw19 \expndtw0 1 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 being\expndtw7 \expndtw0 address\expndtw-3 e\expnd¨tw0 d,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 worried\expndtw6 \expndtw0 about\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i their\expndtw7 \expndtw0\i0 initial\expndtw5 \expndtw0 justification.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 What\expndtw5 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wants to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 do\expndtw2 \expndtw0 here\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 reassure\expndtw3 \expndtw0 them\expndtw3 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 their\expndtw3 \expndtw0 forgiven\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss\expndtw2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw3 \expndtw0 committed\expndtw8 \expndtw0\i after\expndtw2 \expndtw0\i0 having\expndtw3 \expndtw0 become\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Chris\- tians.\expndtw3 \expndtw0 This\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 stark\expndtw3 \expndtw0 contrast\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 condition\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \©expndtw0 opponents,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:6)\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i profess\expndtw4 \expndtw0\i0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 fel\- lowship with God (i.e., to be justified), but d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ny th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ir profession by their lif\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 style (i.e., by contin\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- uing to \ldblquote walk in darkness\rdblquote ).\par \b The\expndtw17 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b0\f2 am\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rt\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw16\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 artia\f1 ,\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote sin\rdblquote )\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1:7.\expndtw16 \expndtw0\b0 This\expndtw15 \expndtw0 word\expndtw17 \expndtw0 occurs\expndtw15 \expndtw0 17\expndtw16 \expndtw0 times\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1 John,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 which 11\expndtw3 \expªndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 singular\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 6\expndtw1 \expndtw0 plural.\expndtw2 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ometimes\expndtw2 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 distinction\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw1 \expndtw0 between\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw-32 \expndtw0\- gular\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 plur\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw13 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 been\expndtw13 \expndtw0 suggested.\expndtw11 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome\expndtw11 \expndtw0 would\expndtw13 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 e\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 singular\expndtw21 \expndtw0\f2 pa\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 "\expndtw21\f1 \expndtw0\f2 aJmar\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 a"\expndtw14\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 pas\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 s\f1 \f3 Ja\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 artia\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw4 \expndtw0\ldblquote all\expndtw5 \ex«pndtw0 sin\rdblquote )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:7\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sinfulness\expndtw10 \expndtw0\i before\expndtw5 \expndtw-3\i0 c\expndtw0 onversion\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 plural\expndtw7 \expndtw0\f2 taV"\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw0\f2 a\expndtw-2 J\expndtw0\f4\-\f1 \f2 mart\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 a"\expndtw22\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 tas\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 J\expndtw0 ama\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 tias\f1 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote sins\rdblquote )\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 1:9\expndtw19 \expndtw0 as\expndtw20 \expndtw0 a\expndtw19 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw19 \expndtw0 committed\expndtw21 \expndtw0\i after\expndtw20 \expndtw0\i0 one\expndtw19 \expndtw0 became\expndtw19 \expndtw0 a Christian.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 This\expndtw5 \expndtw0 amounts\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\exp¬ndtw5 \expndtw0 making\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:7\expndtw5 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 fer\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 initial\expndtw5 \expndtw0 justification\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:9\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sanctification,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 po\- sition\expndtw17 \expndtw0 we\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw17 \expndtw0 dis\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ussed\expndtw16 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 rejected\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 previous\expndtw17 \expndtw0 section\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (see\expndtw15 \expndtw0 above).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 In\expndtw17 \expndtw0 addition\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 points made\expndtw1 \expndtw0 there, it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 may\expndtw1 \expndtw0 also\expndtw1 \expndtw0 be\expndtw1 \expndtw0 added\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0\f2 pa\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 "\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw0­\f2 a\expndtw-2 J\expndtw0 mar\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 a"\expndtw2\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 pas\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 s\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 J\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 artia\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:7\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 so compre\- hensive that it can hardly be limited to pre-\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onversion sins, and the emphasis in 1:7 on \ldblquote walking,\rdblquote\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 common\expndtw7 \expndtw0 New\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Testament\expndtw7 \expndtw0 idiom\expndtw7 \expndtw0 for\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 conduct\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 life,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 strongly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 suggests\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that the Christian lif\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 is in vi\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 w.\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 5\expndtw0 8\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\par \f1\fs18 BAGD\expndtw17 ® \expndtw0 defines\expndtw18 \expndtw0\f2 aJmar\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 a\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-4 m\expndtw0 artia\f1 )\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote every\expndtw17 \expndtw0 departure\expndtw17 \expndtw0 from\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 way\expndtw16 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 right\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ousness, both human and divin\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0\rdblquote (cf. 1 John 5:17 where \f2 aJmar\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 a\f1 and \f2 ajd\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 k\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 are related).\up4\fs7 97 \up0\fs18 In 1 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1:8\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw5 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 condition\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw5 \expndtw0 chara\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 teristic\expndtw5 \expndtw0 quality,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:10\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 reg\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 rded\expndtw¯5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 universal.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Apart\expndtw11 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 forgiven\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw11 \expndtw0 it\expndtw11 \expndtw0 results\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 alienation\expndtw11 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (2:15)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 spiritual\expndtw11 \expndtw0 death (3:14).\expndtw10 \expndtw0 But\expndtw9 \expndtw0 according\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 1:7,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 cleansing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 possible\expndtw9 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 blood\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Jesus.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 In\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this context where forgiveness of sin (and sacrifi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ial atonement, c°f. 1 John 2:2) is in view, the \ldblquote blood\rdblquote suggests not m\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rely \ldblquote death,\expndtw-2\rdblquote\expndtw0 but sacrificial d\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ath whi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h makes \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 tonement possibl\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 .\up4\fs7 98\up0\par \b\fs18 1:8\expndtw17 \expndtw0 If\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\expndtw17 \expndtw0 say\expndtw14 \expndtw0 we\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 o\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ot\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 ear\expndtw15 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw17 \expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 ilt\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw15 \expndtw0 we\expndtw15 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 ec\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 iving\expndtw14 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 rselves\expndtw14 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw16 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e tr\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 is not in us.\b0\par \b\i\fs20 S\expndtw-3 u\exp±ndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \fs18 Once\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ag\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 8\expndtw1 \expndtw0 refers\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 phrase\expndtw3 \expndtw0 transl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ted\expndtw8 \expndtw0\b\i bear\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 ilt of sin \expndtw-3\b0\i0 a\expndtw0 s used in the Gospel of John (9:41, 15:22, 15:24, 19:11) refers to situations where a wrong\expndtw13 \expndtw0 action\expndtw11 \expndtw0 has\expndtw12 \expndtw0 b\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 en\expndtw13 \expndtw0 committed\expndtw11 \expndtw0 or\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 wrong\expndtw13 \expndtw0 attitude\expndtw11 \expndtw0 already\expndtw11 \expndtw0 existed,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 resulting\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expn²dtw0 state\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sin (i.e.,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 guilt).\expndtw8 \expndtw0 This\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 situation\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 secessionist\expndtw7 \expndtw0 opponents.\expndtw8 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 uch\expndtw8 \expndtw0 people\expndtw7 \expndtw0 are\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b\i decei\expndtw-3 v\expndtw0 ing \b0\i0 them\- selves.\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote Deceit\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 characterizes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 these\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents:\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 2:26\expndtw15 \expndtw0 they\expndtw13 \expndtw0 are\expndtw15 \expndtw0 trying\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 de\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 eive\expndtw15 \expndtw0 others (the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 readers);\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 3:7\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \exp³ndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 again\expndtw11 \expndtw0 warns\expndtw11 \expndtw0 his\expndtw11 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 aders\expndtw11 \expndtw0 against\expndtw11 \expndtw0 attempted\expndtw11 \expndtw0 deceit.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 The\expndtw11 \expndtw0 attempt\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 de\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 eive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 others\expndtw11 \expndtw0 begins\expndtw13 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 their\expndtw13 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lf-deceit\expndtw13 \expndtw0 about\expndtw11 \expndtw0 being\expndtw13 \expndtw0 guilty\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw11 \expndtw0 commit\-ted.\par \b\i\fs20 Str\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ure\b0\i0\par \fs18 Verse\expndtw15 \expndtw0 8\expndtw14 \expndtw0 introduces\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 second\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 three´\expndtw13 \expndtw0 clauses\expndtw14 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw15 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\f1 \f2 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pwm\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw15\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ean\f1 \f3 e\expndtw-2 ip\expndtw0 wm\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote if\expndtw13 \expndtw0 we\expndtw11 \expndtw0 say\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 representing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 laims\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Once\expndtw11 \expndtw0 again,\expndtw22 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw19\f1 \expndtw0\f2 e\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 pwm\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n \f1 (\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 wm\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 followed\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 neg\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 stµatement\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 apodosis\expndtw11 \expndtw0 giving\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 evalua\- tion of the opponents\rquote \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 laims.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ase\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0\f2 am\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rt\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 an\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw0\f2 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 k\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 co\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\expndtw5\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-4 m\expndtw0 artian\f1 \f3 ouk\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 co\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\f1 ,\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote we do\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 bear\expn¶dtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 guilt\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin\rdblquote ;\expndtw9 \expndtw0 literally,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote sin\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 do\expndtw8 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 have\rdblquote )\expndtw11 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:8.\expndtw8 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw9 \expndtw0 use\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 cw\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 e\expndtw-3 c\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 +\expndtw9 \expndtw0\f2 aJ\f4\-\f1 \f2 mart\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 a\expndtw8\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 artia\f1 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 an\expndtw6 \expndtw0 expression\expndtw7 \expndtw0 p\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 culiar\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expn·dtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 New\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Tes\- tament.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 On\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nalogy\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 other\expndtw5 \expndtw0 constructions\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 where\expndtw15 \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 cw\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 e\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 w\f1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 governs\expndtw5 \expndtw0 an\expndtw5 \expndtw0 abstract noun\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (e.g.,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1:3,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1:6,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 1:7,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 2:28,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 3:3,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 3:15,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 3:21,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 4:16,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 4:17,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 5:12-13)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 would\expndtw7 \expndtw0 appear\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a state\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndt¸w0 involved,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 case\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0\f2 aJmar\expndtw-2 ti\expndtw0 a\expndtw20\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-4 m\expndtw0 artia\f1 )\expndtw19 \expndtw0 would\expndtw19 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw19 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 a\expndtw19 \expndtw0 state\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 sin.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 The four\expndtw1 \expndtw0 times the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 expression\expndtw1 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 cw\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 e\expndtw-3 c\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 +\expndtw1 \expndtw0\f2 aJmar\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ia\f1 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 artia\f1 )\expndtw1 \expndtw0 occurs\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Gosp\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 l\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 John (9:41, 15:22,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 15:24,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 19:11)\expndtw7 ¹ \expndtw0 all\expndtw7 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 situations\expndtw7 \expndtw0 where\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wrong\expndtw7 \expndtw0 action\expndtw7 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 been\expndtw6 \expndtw0 committed\expndtw6 \expndtw0 or\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 wrong attitude\expndtw19 \expndtw0 has\expndtw16 \expndtw0 already\expndtw17 \expndtw0 existed,\expndtw17 \expndtw0 resulting\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw17 \expndtw0 state\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 and\expndtw18 \expndtw0 then\expndtw16 \expndtw0 something\expndtw19 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lse\expndtw19 \expndtw0 happens\expndtw16 \expndtw0 which further emphasi\expndtw-3 z\expndtw0 es the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 vil of that a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 tion or attitude.\par Here\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 1\expndtw12 \expndtw0 John\expndtw12 \expndtw0 1:8\expºndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sense\expndtw13 \expndtw0 appears\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 same.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 addr\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ssing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 people who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sinned\expndtw2 \expndtw0 (r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sulting\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 state\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sin),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 warning\expndtw1 \expndtw0 them\expndtw3 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw3 \expndtw0 they\expndtw1 \expndtw0 cannot\expndtw3 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw1 \expndtw0 free\expndtw1 \expndtw0 from the guilt of that sin. I do not think the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ontext of 1 John implies libertinism\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\up4\fs7 9\expndtw-4 9\expndtw0\up0\fs18 on the part of the »op\- ponents,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 since\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 makes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 no\expndtw11 \expndtw0 explicit\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 harges\expndtw12 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 immoral\expndtw13 \expndtw0 behavior\expndtw11 \expndtw0 against\expndtw11 \expndtw0 his\expndtw13 \expndtw0 opponents. The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 worst\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 explicitly\expndtw3 \expndtw0 says\expndtw4 \expndtw0 concerning\expndtw3 \expndtw0 them\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 failed\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 love\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 brethren (3:17).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 It\expndtw17 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw15 \expndtw0 more\expndtw17 \expndtw0 lik\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ly\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 opponents\e¼xpndtw15 \expndtw0 were\expndtw17 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ying\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 things\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 believer\expndtw17 \expndtw0 did\expndtw15 \expndtw0 were\expndtw15 \expndtw0 not significant enough to be \lquote sins\rquote that could challenge one\rquote s intimate relationship with God (a rela\- tionship the author denies that the opponents possess to begin with).100\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 5\endash\expndtw0 2\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 2\f1 \expndtw-2\f0 5\expndtw0 9\f1 \par \b\fs18 The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw14 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw-2\b0\f2 e\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 ou\expndtw0 "\f1 \f2 pl\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\expndtw15\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 J\expndtw-4 e\expndtw0 autous\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 p\expndtw0 lanw\expndtw-2 men\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote we\expndtw15 \expndtw0 are\expndtw13 \expndtw½0 deceiving\expndtw15 \expndtw0 our\- selves\rdblquote )\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:8.\expndtw10 \expndtw0\b0 A\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 cording\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 BAGD\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw9 \expndtw0\f2 p\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 ana\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 w\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 p\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 anaw\f1 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 means\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 lead\expndtw6 \expndtw0 astray,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 cause\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to wander,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 misle\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 d,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 deceive,\rdblquote\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 context\expndtw7 \expndtw0 specifically\expndtw7 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 mislead,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 deceiv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0\'85someone.\rdblquote\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 0\expndtw0 1 \up0\fs18 In\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this case\expndtw13 \expndtw0 it\expndt¾w11 \expndtw0 could\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 result\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 self-deception\expndtw11 \expndtw0 arising\expndtw13 \expndtw0 from\expndtw11 \expndtw0 misunderstanding\expndtw13 \expndtw0 or\expndtw11 \expndtw0 confusion.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 But\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n examination\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 other\expndtw7 \expndtw0 uses\expndtw4 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 (2:26,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 3:7)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 implies\expndtw4 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 more\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 view\expndtw5 \expndtw0 here. The\expndtw11 \expndtw0 refer\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nce\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 2:26\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 particular\expndtw11 \ex¿pndtw0 (\expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 these\expndtw11 \expndtw0 things\expndtw9 \expndtw0 I\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw9 \expndtw0 written\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 you\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 bout\expndtw13 \expndtw0\i those\expndtw9 \expndtw0 who\expndtw11 \expndtw0 are\expndtw9 \expndtw0 try\- ing\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 deceive\expndtw1 \expndtw0 you\i0\'85\rdblquote )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 suggests\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 their\expndtw1 \expndtw0 false\expndtw3 \expndtw0 te\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ching\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 view.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 They\expndtw1 \expndtw0 are described\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote antichrists\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 just\expndtw9 \expndtw0 prior\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 À2:18,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 4:6\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (just\expndtw9 \expndtw0 after\expndtw9 \expndtw0 another\expndtw9 \expndtw0 mention\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of \ldblquote antichrist\rdblquote in 4:3) uses the cognate noun \f2 p\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 avnh"\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 p\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 an\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 s\f1 ) to refer to the \ldblquote\expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 pirit of Deceit\rdblquote which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 at\expndtw5 \expndtw0 work\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 world.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 D\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ceit\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 constantly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 associated\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Antichrist\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 with\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 oppo\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- nents,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 it\expndtw11 \expnÁdtw0 would\expndtw11 \expndtw0 se\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 m\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 here\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 author\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 dealing\expndtw11 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 potential\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ceptance\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0\- versaries\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw9 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 some\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 read\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Were\expndtw9 \expndtw0 they\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 cept\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 false\expndtw9 \expndtw0 teaching\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be free\expndtw11 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 guilt\expndtÂw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 y\expndtw11 \expndtw0 would\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw11 \expndtw0 deceiving\expndtw9 \expndtw0 themselves\expndtw8 \expndtw0 (as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 indeed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 oppon\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nts\expndtw11 \expndtw0 already are self-d\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ceived), but in this cas\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 it would be th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 result of ac\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 epting the \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 laims of the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts.\par \b 1:9\expndtw19 \expndtw0 But\expndtw17 \expndtw0 if\expndtw19 \expndtw0 we\expndtw17 \expndtw0 co\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 fess\expndtw18 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sins,\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 faithf\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 l\expndtw19 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw18 \expndtw0 righteo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s,\expndtw17 \expnÃdtw0 forgiving\expndtw16 \expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s\expndtw18 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sins a\expndtw-2 nd\expndtw0 clea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 sing us f\expndtw-2 r\expndtw0 om all u\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 righteo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ess.\b0\par \b\i\fs20 S\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \fs18 Does the \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 uthor of 1 John refer h\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 re to an initial \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 onfession of sins \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t conversion (wh\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 person\expndtw1 \expndtw0 becomes a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 believer),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ongoing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 confession\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 life\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 beli\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ver?\expndtw3 \expndtw0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 au\- thor\expÄndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 worried\expndtw8 \expndtw0 about\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 initial\expndtw9 \expndtw0 justification\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 people\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 writing:\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 regards the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 members\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 community\expndtw11 \expndtw0 who\expndtw11 \expndtw0 have\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote rem\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ined\rdblquote\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote gone\expndtw11 \expndtw0 out\rdblquote\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 John\expndtw10 \expndtw0 2:19)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 gen\expndtw-35 \expndtw0\- uine\expndtw17 \expndtw0 believers.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 The\expndtw17 \expndtw0Å author\expndtw17 \expndtw0 points\expndtw17 \expndtw0 out\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 if\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Christians\expndtw16 \expndtw0 confess\expndtw16 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw17 \expndtw0 they\expndtw16 \expndtw0 are\expndtw17 \expndtw0 aw\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 they may\expndtw5 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sure\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 God\expndtw5 \expndtw0 will\expndtw5 \expndtw0 forgive\expndtw5 \expndtw0 their\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 cle\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nse\expndtw5 \expndtw0 them\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 only\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw5 \expndtw0 those\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw5 \expndtw0 they\expndtw5 \expndtw0 con\expndtw-30 \expndtw0\- fess but from\expndtw1 \expndtw0\b\i all u\expndtw-4 n\expndtw0 righteo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 es\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\b0\i0Æ .\par \b\i\fs20 Str\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ure\b0\i0\par \fs18 Verse 9 contains the second counter-\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 laim of the author, beginning with \expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\f1 (\f3 ea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 , \ldblquote if\rdblquote )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw12 \expndtw0 containing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw13 \expndtw0 positive\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statem\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 apodosis.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statem\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 apodosis\expndtw13 \expndtw0 reflects the implications of the author\rquote s (apostolic) tea\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 hing in contrast to that of the adv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rsaries: \ldblquote he (God) is faithful and right\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ous, forgiving us our sins and \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 leansing us from all unright\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ousness.\rÇdblquote\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 To\expndtw5 \expndtw0 w\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 at\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 oes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 rotasis\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:9\expndtw5 \expndtw0 refer,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 an\expndtw4 \expndtw0 initial\expndtw5 \expndtw0 co\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 fession\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 faith\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw5 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw5 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 going co\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 fession\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 y\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 b\expndtw0 eliever?\expndtw6 \expndtw0\b0 As\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 third-class\expndtw2 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ondition\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndÈtw0 could\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw1 \expndtw0 considered\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ither\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote fu\- ture\expndtw7 \expndtw0 more\expndtw5 \expndtw0 probable\rdblquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote present\expndtw5 \expndtw0 general.\rdblquote\expndtw6 \expndtw0 M.\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Zerwick\expndtw12 \expndtw0 st\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tes\expndtw6 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 example\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 impossible to distinguish between th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 two nuances.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 0\expndtw0 2\up0\par \fs18 The\expndtw19 \expndtw0 main\expndtw19 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw19 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 protasis,\expndtw22 \expndtw-2\f2 o\expndtw0 mol\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 g\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 w\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 Jo\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 olo\expndtw-3 g\expndtw0 ew\f1 ,\expndtw17 \expndtwÉ0\ldblquote confess\rdblquote ),\expndtw18 \expndtw0 occurs\expndtw19 \expndtw0 4\expndtw18 \expndtw0 times\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 5\expndtw5 \expndtw0 times\expndtw6 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw6 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 time\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 2\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 time\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Revelation.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 In\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 very\expndtw7 \expndtw0 other one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 these\expndtw9 \expndtw0 instances,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 however,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 obj\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ct\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 always\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Christ;\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw9 \expndtw0 example\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndÊtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 only\expndtw9 \expndtw0 one\expndtw9 \expndtw0 where confession of sin is involved.\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 6\expndtw0 0\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\f1 \par \fs18 As\expndtw7 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 point\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw6 \expndtw0 out\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 discussion\expndtw7 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 7\expndtw7 \expndtw0 above\expndtw5 \expndtw0 where\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 same\expndtw5 \expndtw0 issue\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 initial justification\expndtw5 \expndtw0 versus\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ongoing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sanctification\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 view,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 Ë\expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 worried\expndtw5 \expndtw0 about the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 initial\expndtw7 \expndtw0 justification\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 people\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 writing:\expndtw7 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 gards\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 members\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 om\- munity\expndtw7 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote remained\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote gone\expndtw5 \expndtw0 out\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 secessionist\expndtw7 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw7 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 genuine\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\- lievers.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Here\expndtw7 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \exÌpndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 stating\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 counter-claim\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 opponents\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:8\expndtw9 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw9 \expndtw0 they\expndtw8 \expndtw0 are\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 guilty of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw9 \expndtw0 points\expndtw7 \expndtw0 out\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 if\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Christians\expndtw6 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 confess\expndtw6 \expndtw0 our\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sins,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 may\expndtw6 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sure\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God, who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 faithful\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 just,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 will\expÍndtw7 \expndtw0 forgive\expndtw5 \expndtw0 our\expndtw7 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 cleanse\expndtw7 \expndtw0 us\expndtw4 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 only\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 those\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw7 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 confess but\expndtw3 \expndtw0 from\expndtw1 \expndtw0 all\expndtw3 \expndtw0 unrighteousness (\f2 pa\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 "\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0\f2 ajd\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 k\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a"\f1 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\f3 pas\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 s\f1 \f3 a\expndtw-2 di\expndtw0 k\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 as\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote all\expndtw1 \expndtw0 unrighteousness\rdblquote ).\expndtw2 \expndtw0 That\expndtw1 \expndtw0 God the\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (understood)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 subject\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw-4\f2 e\eÎxpndtw0 stin\expndtw7\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 est\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 n\f1 ,\expndtw7 \expndtw0\ldblquote is\rdblquote )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1:9\expndtw7 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw7 \expndtw0 clear,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 since\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 last third person r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ferences in vv. 6 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd 7 refer to God.\par This\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opposite\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 position\expndtw5 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ken\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 appear\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 moral\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\- differentists\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 0\expndtw0 3 \up0\fs18 saying\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 one\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 behavior\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\Ïexpndtw7 \expndtw0 no\expndtw6 \expndtw0 consequence\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw6 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 any\expndtw7 \expndtw0 event,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 is\expndtw7 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 capa\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- ble\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 interfering\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Christian\rquote s\expndtw3 \expndtw0 relationship\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 God.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw3 \expndtw0 position,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ontrast,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that a Christian\expndtw20 \expndtw0 who deni\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 guilt attached\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to sin\expndtw21 \expndtw0 is s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lf-deceived.\expndtw22 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ins need\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to be\expndtw21 \expndtw0 confessed\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to GÐod,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 when\expndtw12 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 done,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 believer\expndtw15 \expndtw0 may\expndtw13 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 sure\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 God,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 because\expndtw15 \expndtw0 he\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 both\expndtw15 \expndtw0 faithful\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and righteous,\expndtw9 \expndtw0 will\expndtw9 \expndtw0 forgive\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onfessed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 well\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 cleansing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 believ\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i all\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i0 unrighteou\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\- ness.\par The\expndtw9 \expndtw0 emphasis\expndtw9 \expndtw0 on\expndtw8 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw9 Ñ\expndtw0 faithfulness\expndtw8 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 forgiving\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw9 \expndtw0 may\expndtw8 \expndtw0 actually\expndtw9 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ve\expndtw9 \expndtw0 its\expndtw9 \expndtw0 roots\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the Old\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Testament.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Judith\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Lieu\expndtw5 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw4 \expndtw0 argued\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 behind\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 text\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Exod\expndtw5 \expndtw0 34:6,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 which\expndtw3 \expndtw0 also\expndtw5 \expndtw0 links\expndtw3 \expndtw0 God\rquote s forgiveness\expndtw16 \expndtw0 with\expndtw15 \expndtw0 his\expndtw17 \expndtw0 faithfuln\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ss;\expndtw17 \expndtw0 she\expndtw15 \expndtw0 traces\expndtw16 \expndtw0 this\expndtw15 \expndtw0 linkage\expndtw15 \expndtw0 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by\expndtw3 \expndtwÓ0 believers\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to take\expndtw5 \expndtw0 pla\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 specified.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 There\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 at\expndtw5 \expndtw0 least\expndtw3 \expndtw0 three\expndtw3 \expndtw0 possibilities:\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (1)\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 private\expndtw3 \expndtw0 confession\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 believer\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 prayer\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 God;\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (2)\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 private\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onfession\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw9 \expndtw0 by\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 believer\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 another\expndtw9 \expndtw0 believer; or\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (3)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 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tÖhe\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw15 \expndtw0 corpus\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw0 2:23,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 1:20) but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 conclusive.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 0\expndtw0 5 \expndtw-2\up0\fs18 S\expndtw0 chnackenburg\expndtw1 \expndtw0 saw\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw1 \expndtw0 text\expndtw1 \expndtw0 an\expndtw1 \expndtw0 echo\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jewish\expndtw1 \expndtw0 practi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 con\expndtw-35 \expndtw0\- fession\expndtw9 \expndtw0 on\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Day\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 Atonement.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 0\expndtw0 6 \up0\fs18 In\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 final\expndtw9 \expndtw0 an\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lysis\expndtw9 \expndtw0 it\e×xpndtw9 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evaluation\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of the opponents\rquote \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 laims.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 How\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 oes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw7 \expndtw-2\b0\f2 ea\expndtw0 n\expndtw17\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 pw\expndtw-2 me\expndtw0 n\expndtw15\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 o\expndtw0 ti\expndtw14\f1 \expndtw0\f2 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw15\f1 \expndtw0\f2 hm\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rt\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 k\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 m\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw7\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 wm\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n\f1 \f3 Joti\f1 \f3 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 c\f1 \f3 J\expndtw-2 hm\expndtw0 arth\expndtw-2 k\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 e\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw7 \expndtÞw0\ldblquote if\expndtw7 \expndtw0 we\expndtw9 \expndtw0 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the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 uniqueness\expndtw2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:8\expndtw3 \expndtw0 did\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw3 \expndtw0 lie\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 use\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 present\expndtw3 \expndtw0 tense,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 idiom\expndtw7 \expndtw0 used\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (\expndtw-4\f2 e\expndtw0 cw\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0 [\f3 e\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 w\f1 ]\expndtw7 \expndtw0 +\expndtw9 \expndtw0 noun),\expndtw8 \expndtw0 whi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw8 \expndtw0 we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 discussed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 under\expndtw7 \expndtw0 v.\expndtw7 \expndtw0 8\expndtw8 \expndtw0 abov\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 .\expndtw7 \expndtw0 There\expndtw9 \expndtw0 we\expndtw7 \expndtw0 concàluded that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 stress\expndtw4 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 idiom,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 indicated\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 other\expndtw5 \expndtw0 usage,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 was\expndtw4 \expndtw0 on\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 guilt\expndtw5 \expndtw0 attached\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw5 \expndtw0 were\expndtw5 \expndtw0 claiming\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 free\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 guilt.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Here\expndtw5 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw5 \expndtw0 highly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 probable,\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw6 \expndtw0 R.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Brown points\expndtw19 \expndtw0 out,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 that\expndtw19 \expndtw0 a\exápndtw19 \expndtw0 deni\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 l\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 actual\expndtw19 \expndtw0 acts\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 involved.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 0\expndtw0 8 \expndtw-2\up0\fs18 S\expndtw0 ince\expndtw19 \expndtw0 there\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 peated\expndtw18 \expndtw0 stress\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the Gospel\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw0 on\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 those\expndtw15 \expndtw0 who\expndtw17 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ject\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 refuse\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 believe\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (John\expndtw15 \expndtw0 8:24,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 etc.)\expndtw16 \expndtw0 and that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw6 \expndtâw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Lamb\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 God\expndtw7 \expndtw0 came\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 take\expndtw5 \expndtw0 away\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 world\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (John\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:29),\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 laim\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of the opponents\expndtw21 \expndtw0 could not\expndtw21 \expndtw0 be\expndtw21 \expndtw0 that in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the past,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 before\expndtw21 \expndtw0 their\expndtw21 \expndtw0 professed conversion,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 they\expndtw21 \expndtw0 had\expndtw21 \expndtw0 never sinned.\expndtw11 \expndtw0 It\expndtw13 \expndtw0 must\expndtw11 \expndtw0 rather\expndtw13 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 fer\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw13 \expndtw0 committed\expndtw11 \expndtw0 after\expndtw13 \exãpndtw0 one\expndtw11 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 professed\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Christian.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 The\expndtw11 \expndtw0 ad\- versaries h\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 d developed a version of Christi\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n perfectionism whereby they w\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re able to deny that, after prof\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ssing to be Christians, they \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 ould be \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 onvicted of sin.\par The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 counters\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 pointing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 out\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\expndtw5 \expndtw0 who\expndtw5 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw5 \expndtw0 this\expndtw5 \expndtw0 m\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 kes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 God\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 liar (a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 serious\expndtw5 \expndtw0 charge\expndtw5 \expndtäw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 itself),\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 furthermore,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw5 \expndtw0 word\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 su\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 h\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 person.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 This\expndtw5 \expndtw0 last\expndtw5 \expndtw0 phrase parallels\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:8b,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 wh\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\ldblquote truth\rdblquote\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 such\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 one\expndtw-3 .\expndtw0\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 0\expndtw0 9 \up0\fs18 Once\expndtw5 \expndtw0 again,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 makes\expndtw4 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 plain\expndtw5 \expndtw0 that the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 situation\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\exåpndtw21 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw21 \expndtw0 who\expndtw21 \expndtw0 are\expndtw21 \expndtw0 claiming\expndtw21 \expndtw0 this\expndtw21 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 serious:\expndtw21 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 y\expndtw21 \expndtw0 do\expndtw21 \expndtw0 not\expndtw21 \expndtw0 really\expndtw21 \expndtw0 have\expndtw21 \expndtw0 God\rquote s word\expndtw5 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 message\expndtw5 \expndtw0 about\expndtw5 \expndtw0 eternal\expndtw5 \expndtw0 life\expndtw5 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 vealed\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Christ,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 cf.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 1:1)\expndtw5 \expndtw0 residing\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 them,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 although they claim th\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 t th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 y do.\par \b 2:1\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (My\expndtw8 \expndtw0 little\expndtw11 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ildre\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 I\æexpndtw8 \expndtw0 am\expndtw11 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw8 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ese\expndtw11 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ings\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 you\expndtw8 \expndtw0 so\expndtw10 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 at\expndtw9 \expndtw0 you\expndtw10 \expndtw0 may\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin.) But if a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 yone \expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 oes sin, we \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave an a\expndtw-2 d\expndtw0 vocate with t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e Fathe\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 , Jes\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s C\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 rist the righteo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 s One;\b0\par \b\i\fs20 S\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \fs18 The seriousness of the last claim \b\i we \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 ave \expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ot sin\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ed \b0\i0 in v. 10 causes the author to break\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 pattern\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b\i if\b0\i0 -clauses\expndtw8 \expndtw0 with\expçndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 parenthetical\expndtw9 \expndtw0 note\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 he\expndtw9 \expndtw0 wants\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw9 \expndtw0 (\b\i My\expndtw9 \expndtw0 little\expndtw9 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 il\- dre\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\b0\i0 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 sin.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 But\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 final\expndtw13 \expndtw0\b\i if\b0\i0 -clause\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 2:1\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (\b\i But\expndtw7 \expndtw0 if\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 yo\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 e\expndtw7 \expndtw0 does\expndtw6 \expndtw0 sin\'85\b0\i0 )\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 reassures his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 even\expndtw8 \expndtw0 if\expndtw7 \expndtw0 they\expndtw8 \expndtw0 do\expnèdtw6 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 they\expndtw8 \expndtw0 may\expndtw6 \expndtw0 look\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 their\expndtw21 \expndtw0\b\i advocate\expndtw9 \expndtw0\b0\i0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 a\- ther to intercede for them.\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 6\expndtw0 2\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\par \b\i\f1\fs20 Str\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 ure\b0\i0\par \fs18 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 direct\expndtw3 \expndtw0 address\expndtw2 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw5 \expndtw0 read\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs\expndtw5 \expndtw0 at\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 beginning\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 2:1\expndtw3 \expndtw0 marks\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 break\expndtw3 \expndtw0 iné the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 pattern\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 opponents\rquote\expndtw1 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (indicat\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d\expndtw3 \expndtw0 by\expndtw6 \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtw11\f1 \expndtw-2\f2 ei\expndtw0 p\expndtw-2 w\expndtw0 men\expndtw3\f1 \expndtw-3 [\expndtw0\f3 ean\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 e\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 wm\expndtw-2 en\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote if\expndtw3 \expndtw0 we\expndtw1 \expndtw0 say\rdblquote ]\expndtw1 \expndtw0 fol\- lowed\expndtw14 \expndtw0 by\expndtw12 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 neg\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw15 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 apodosis)\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw15 \expndtw0 counter-\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 laims\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (represented\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by \expndtw-2\f2 e\expndtw0 avn\expndtwê1\f1 \expndtw0 [\f3 ea\expndtw-4 n\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw1 \expndtw0\ldblquote if\rdblquote ]\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 positive statement\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 apodosis)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 made\expndtw1 \expndtw0 so far\expndtw1 \expndtw0 in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 1:6ff. The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 seriousness of this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 last\expndtw7 \expndtw0 claim\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:10)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 causes\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 interrupt\expndtw7 \expndtw0 hims\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 lf\expndtw7 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 parenthetical\expndtw7 \expndtw0 remark,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 ad\- dress\expndtw10 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw11 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 his\expndtw11 \expndtw0 faithful\expndtw11 \expndtw0 children\expndtw10ë \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 explain\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 them\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw11 \expndtw0 while\expndtw11 \expndtw0 he\expndtw11 \expndtw0 wants\expndtw11 \expndtw0 them\expndtw11 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to sin,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 they\expndtw14 \expndtw0 may\expndtw12 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ssured\expndtw14 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 if\expndtw15 \expndtw0 they\expndtw13 \expndtw0 do,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 they\expndtw14 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw14 \expndtw0 look\expndtw13 \expndtw0 to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Christ\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 intercede\expndtw15 \expndtw0 for\expndtw13 \expndtw0 them,\expndtw14 \expndtw0 as their\expndtw9 \expndtw0 advoc\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 te\expndtw9 \expndtw0 with\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 After\expndtw7 \eìxpndtw0 this,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 l\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 st\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 author\rquote s\expndtw7 \expndtw0 three\expndtw9 \expndtw0 count\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r-claims\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1:5-2:2 is found in the \f3 ea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0\f1 -clause in 2:1b.\par The\expndtw21 \expndtw0 term\expndtw21 \expndtw0 used\expndtw21 \expndtw0 by\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 author\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw21 \expndtw0 address\expndtw20 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 re\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ders,\expndtw22 \expndtw0\f2 t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 kn\expndtw-4 i\expndtw0 a\f1 \f2 mo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\f3 te\expndtw-2 k\expndtw0 n\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 a\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 m\expndtw0 ou\f1 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to some extent a term of endearment or affection, showing the regard the author has for them.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0í 0\up0\par \fs18 However,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 it\expndtw5 \expndtw0 also\expndtw5 \expndtw0 shows\expndtw5 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 regards\expndtw5 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 something\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 a\expndtw5 \expndtw0 superior\expndtw5 \expndtw0 position\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the readers\emdash not\expndtw9 \expndtw0 morally\expndtw9 \expndtw0 or\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ethically\expndtw9 \expndtw0 superior,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 position\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 spiritual\expndtw9 \expndtw0 responsibility\expndtw9 \expndtw0 over\expndtw9 \expndtw0 them and for them.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sîignifica\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ce\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw1 \expndtw0 first\expndtw1 \expndtw-2 p\expndtw0 erson sing\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 lar\expndtw7 \expndtw0\b0\f2 gr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 fw\f1 (\f3 grafw\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 I\expndtw1 \expndtw0 am\expndtw1 \expndtw0 writing\rdblquote )\expndtw5 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 2:1. \b0 The\expndtw5 \expndtw0 singular\expndtw3 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw5 \expndtw0 h\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw5 \expndtw0 must\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw5 \expndtw0 compared\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 plural\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 same\expndtw5 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:4.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 Th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 re\expndtw5 \expndtw0 we\expndtw3 \expndtw0 pointed out\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 plural\expndtw5 \expnïdtw0 suggested\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 author\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was\expndtw6 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 speaking\expndtw5 \expndtw0 only\expndtw7 \expndtw0 for\expndtw5 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (although\expndtw5 \expndtw0 only\expndtw7 \expndtw0 he\expndtw5 \expndtw0 was actually\expndtw11 \expndtw0 doing\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 writing)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 also\expndtw11 \expndtw0 for\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw11 \expndtw0 fellow-eyewitness\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw10 \expndtw0 within\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 circle\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 apostl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw10 \expndtw0 and disciples\expndtw4 \expndtw0 who\expndtw3 \expndtw0 were\expndtw3 \expndtw0 eyewitnesses\expndtw4 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw5 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 arthly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 ministry,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 all\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndðtw5 \expndtw0 whom\expndtw3 \expndtw0 would\expndtw5 \expndtw0 agree\expndtw3 \expndtw0 concerning the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 testimony\expndtw15 \expndtw0 about\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 significance\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 arthly\expndtw15 \expndtw0 life\expndtw15 \expndtw0 and\expndtw14 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw15 \expndtw0 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ta\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 taut\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 which\expndtw8 \expndtw0 serves\expndtw8 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 object\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw9 \expndtw0 r\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ferred ahead, to th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 entirety of 1 John, \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd formed \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 n \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nvelope with the purpose st\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 tement in 5:13. Here the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f2 ta\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ta\expndtw4\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 tauta\òf1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 more\expndtw5 \expndtw0 narrowly\expndtw5 \expndtw0 spe\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ified\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 following\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f3 J\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 na\f1 -clause,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 which\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 author says\expndtw14 \expndtw0 he\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 writing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 these\expndtw13 \expndtw0 things\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0 his\expndtw15 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 order\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0 they\expndtw14 \expndtw0 might\expndtw13 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 sin.\rdblquote\expndtw14 \expndtw0 This\expndtw13 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw15 \expndtw0 too narrow\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 apply\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ntirety\expndtw9 \óexpndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John,\expndtw7 \expndtw0 so\expndtw6 \expndtw0 it\expndtw9 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw7 \expndtw0 more\expndtw9 \expndtw0 likely\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 ta\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 ta\expndtw8\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 taut\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw9 \expndtw0 here\expndtw7 \expndtw0 refers to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 preceding\expndtw5 \expndtw0 material\expndtw7 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 1:8-10,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 where\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 claims\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 counter-claims\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author\expndtw3 \expndtw0 concerning\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 life\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Christian\expndtw3 \expndtôw-3 a\expndtw0 re\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 view.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 It\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 material\expndtw3 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 author has\expndtw8 \expndtw0 written\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 guard\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw9 \expndtw0 from\expndtw9 \expndtw0 falling\expndtw9 \expndtw0 into\expndtw9 \expndtw0 sin,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 certainty\expndtw9 \expndtw0 if\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 readers\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ccept\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 claims of the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts.\par \b The significa\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ce\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw21 \expndtw0 aorist \b0\f2 am\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 rth\expndtw-3 t\expndtw0 e\f1 (\f3 Ja\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 art\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 te\f1 ,\expndtw22 \expndtõw0\ldblquote you may\expndtw21 \expndtw0 [not] sin\rdblquote ) \b in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 2:1. \b0 There is some disput\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 over th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 significanc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 of the aorist t\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nse of\expndtw4 \expndtw0\f2 aJmavr\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 ht\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0\f1 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\f3 Ja\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 arthte\f1 ). \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 . \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 tagg held\expndtw3 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 orist\expndtw3 \expndtw0 here\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 nondescriptive,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ying\expndtw3 \expndtw0 nothing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 about\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 nature\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ction\expndtw3 \expndtw0 itself,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 but only\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 action\expndtw9 \expndtw0 has\expndtöw8 \expndtw0 happened.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 1\expndtw0 1 \up0\fs18 Today\expndtw8 \expndtw0 some\expndtw9 \expndtw0 grammarians\expndtw8 \expndtw0 think\expndtw9 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 tagg\expndtw8 \expndtw0 went\expndtw9 \expndtw0 too\expndtw9 \expndtw0 far:\expndtw9 \expndtw0 ac\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ord\- ing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw1 \expndtw0 D.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 B. Wallace,\expndtw1 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 some\expndtw1 \expndtw0 have\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i said\expndtw1 \expndtw0 too\expndtw1 \expndtw0 little\expndtw3 \expndtw0\i0 by\expndtw1 \expndtw0 assuming\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 nothing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 more\expndtw1 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 n\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 unaffect\- ed meaning can ever be se\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n when the aorist is used.\rdblquote\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0 2 \up0\fs18 There is some dis\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 greement over\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 5\endash\exp÷ndtw0 2\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 2\f1 \expndtw-2\f0 6\expndtw0 3\f1 \fs18 whether\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 parti\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ular\expndtw3 \expndtw0 verb\expndtw1 \expndtw0 there\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 more\expndtw1 \expndtw0 specific\expndtw3 \expndtw0 nuan\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 es\expndtw2 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 meaning.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 M.\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Zerwick\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 N. Turner\expndtw17 \expndtw0 agree\expndtw15 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 present\expndtw15 \expndtw0 tense\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0\f2 aJmavr\expndtw-2 t\expndtw0 anw\expndtw16\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 Ja\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 artanw\f1 )\expndtw15 \expndtw0 means\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote to\expndtw15 \expndtw0 be\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 state\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 sin\ørdblquote (i.e., \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 sinner) whil\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 aorist r\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 fers to specific \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 cts of sin.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0 3\up0\par \fs18 Without attempting\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to sort\expndtw21 \expndtw0 out this\expndtw21 \expndtw0 particular\expndtw21 \expndtw0 dispute,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 it should\expndtw21 \expndtw0 be noted\expndtw21 \expndtw0 that\expndtw21 \expndtw0 certain verbs do have diff\expndtw-3 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all,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 just\expndtw3 \expndtw0 as\expndtw2 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 told\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 man\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 healed\expndtw2 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 5:14\expndtw3 \expndtw0 and\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 woman\expndtw3 \expndtw0 caught in adultery in John 8:11, \expndtw-2\ldblquote\expndtw0 Go, and from now on do not sin \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 ûny more.\rdblquote\par \b The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b0\f2 par\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 kl\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ton\expndtw1\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 pa\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ak\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 hton\f1 ,\expndtw2 \expndtw0\ldblquote advoc\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 te\rdblquote )\expndtw3 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw1 \expndtw0 2:1.\expndtw4 \expndtw0\b0 The\expndtw1 \expndtw0 description\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the Holy\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 pirit\expndtw5 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-2 P\expndtw0 aracl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 te\rdblquote\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 unique\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 (14:16,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 14:26,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 15:26,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 16:7).\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Here, in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1ü9 \expndtw0 only\expndtw21 \expndtw0 other\expndtw19 \expndtw0 use\expndtw21 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 word\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 New\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Testament,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 it\expndtw21 \expndtw0 is\expndtw19 \expndtw0 Jesus,\expndtw19 \expndtw0 not\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw21 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 pirit,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 who\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw21 \expndtw0 de\- scribed as\expndtw-3 \expndtw0\f2 para\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 klht\expndtw-2 o"\expndtw0\f1 \expndtw-2 (\expndtw0\f3 pa\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ak\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 htos\f1 ).\par We\expndtw7 \expndtw0 should\expndtw7 \expndtw0 have\expndtw7 \expndtw0 been\expndtw6 \expndtw0 prepared\expndtw6 \expndtw0 for\expndtw7 \expndtw0 this\expndtw7 \expndtw0 int\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rchangeability\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 terminology,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 how\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ver,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 by ýJohn\expndtw2 \expndtw0 14:16\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ff.,\expndtw3 \expndtw0 where\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 told\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 disciples\expndtw2 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 he\expndtw3 \expndtw0 would\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ask\expndtw2 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 F\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ther\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 send\expndtw3 \expndtw0 them\expndtw3 \expndtw0\lquote another\rquote paraclete\expndtw3 \expndtw0 (\f2 a[\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw3\f1 \expndtw0 [\f3 allo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ],\expndtw4 \expndtw0\ldblquote another\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 same\expndtw3 \expndtw0 kind\rdblquote ).\expndtw4 \expndtw0 This\expndtw3 \expndtw0 implies\expndtw2 \expndtw0 that\expndtw3 \expndtw0 J\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 sus\expndtw2 \expndtw0 himself\expndtw3 \expndtw0 had\expndtw3 \expndtw0 been\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a paraclete in his \expndtw-2 e\eþxpndtw0 arthly ministry to the dis\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 iples.\par This does not answer all the questions about the me\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ning of the word here, though, since\expndtw9 \expndtw0 it\expndtw7 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 role\expndtw7 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 paracl\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 te\expndtw9 \expndtw0 during\expndtw7 \expndtw0 his\expndtw9 \expndtw0 earthly\expndtw7 \expndtw0 ministry\expndtw9 \expndtw0 which\expndtw6 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 view,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 but\expndtw9 \expndtw0 his\expndtw7 \expndtw0 role as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 a\expndtw3 \expndtw0 paraclete\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 heav\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 n\expndtw5 \expndtw0 before\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 context\expndtw3 \expndtw0 suggests\expndtw5 \expndtw0 intercession\expndtw3 ÿ \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sense\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 legal advocacy, as str\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ss is placed upon the right\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ousness of Jesus (\f2 =Ihso\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 n Cris\expndtw-2 to\expndtw0 n d\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 kai\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 n\f1 , \f3 I\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 soun\f1 \f3 C\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 iston\f1 \expndtw-2\f3 d\expndtw0 i\expndtw-2 k\expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 on\f1 ).\expndtw12 \expndtw0 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 concept\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 intercession\expndtw13 \expndtw0 on\expndtw13 \expndtw0 beh\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 lf\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 believers\expndtw13 \expndtw0 does\expndtw12 \expndtw0 occur\expndtw13 \expndtw0 else\- where\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 New\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Testament,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 notably\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Rom.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 8:34\expndtw13 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 H\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 b.\expndtw14 \expndtw0 7:25.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 Som\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 thing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 similar\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 taking place\expndtw9 \expndtw0 here,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 and\expndtw9 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 best\expndtw9 \expndtw0 explanation\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 1\expndtw8 \expndtw0 John\expndtw8 \expndtw0 2:1.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0 4 \up0\fs18 This\expndtw9 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 onfirmed\expndtw8 \expndtw0 by one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 most\expndtw11 \expndtw0 recent\expndtw11 \expndtw0 studies\expndtw12 \expndtw0 on\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 meaning\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Greek\expndtw11 \expndtw0 term\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 para\expndtw-2 v\expndtw0 klht\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw12\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 pa\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ak\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 htos\f1 )\expndtw11 \expndtw0 by K.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 Grayston,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 who\expndtw7 \expndtw0 after\expndtw5 \expndtw0 surveying\expndtw7 \expndtw0 us\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ge\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 term\expndtw5 \expndtw0 from\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 fourth\expndtw7 \expndtw0 c\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ntury\expndtw15 \expndtw-2\fs12 B\expndtw0\fs18 .\expndtw-2\fs12 C\expndtw0\fs18 .\expndtw8 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 third\expndtw7 \expndtw0 cen\- tury \expndtw-3\fs12 A\expndtw0\fs18 .\expndtw-3\fs12 D\expndtw0\fs18 ., concluded that \f3 pa\expndtw-3 r\expndtw0 ak\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 htos\f1 w\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 s more of a general term than a l\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 gal technical term. However,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 when\expndtw20 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 term\expndtw19 \expndtw0 was\expndtw20 \expndtw0 used\expndtw18 \expndtw0 in\expndtw21 \expndtw0 legal\expndtw19 \expndtw0 contexts,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 it\expndtw19 \expndtw0 referred\expndtw21 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 a\expndtw21 \expndtw0 support\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw21 \expndtw0 or\expndtw19 \expndtw0 sponsor\expndtw21 \expndtw0 who came alongside the accus\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 d to intercede or propitiate.\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0 5 \up0\fs18 This is probably best conv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 yed to the contemporary English reader by a tr\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nslation lik\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 \ldblquote advocate\expndtw-3\rdblquote\expndtw0 or \ldblquote intercessor.\rdblquote\par \b 2:2\expndtw15 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw12 \expndtw0 he\expndtw13 \expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 imself\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 e\expndtw13 \expndtw0 atoning\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sacrifice\expndtw13 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sins,\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 d\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ot\expndtw15 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ly\expndtw13 \expndtw0 for\expndtw15 \expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0 r\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sins \expndtw-2 bu\expndtw0 t also for the w\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 ole world.\b0\par \b\i\fs20 S\expndtw-3 u\expndtw0 mmary\b0\i0\par \fs18 John\expndtw2 \expndtw0 goes\expndtw2 \expndtw0 futher\expndtw3 \expndtw0 with\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 words\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 assurance\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw3 \expndtw0 readers.\expndtw2 \expndtw0 The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Greek\expndtw2 \expndtw0 word\expndtw3 \expndtw0 translated \b\i atoning sacrifice \b0\i0 involv\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s the idea of turning away the divine wrath. (\expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome modern English translations\expndtw17 \expndtw0 use\expndtw15 \expndtw0 words\expndtw17 \expndtw0 like\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote expiation\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 or\expndtw17 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tonement\rdblquote\expndtw17 \expndtw0 here\expndtw15 \expndtw0 while\expndtw15 \expndtw0 others,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 including\expndtw17 \expndtw0 older\expndtw15 \expndtw0 ones, may\expndtw2 \expndtw0 use\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 t\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rm\expndtw3 \expndtw0\ldblquote propitiation.\expndtw-2\rdblquote\expndtw0 )\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus by\expndtw3 \expndtw0 his\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sacrifical\expndtw1 \expndtw0 death\expndtw3 \expndtw0 on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ross\expndtw3 \expndtw0 made\expndtw1 \expndtw0 possible\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 for\- giveness of sins for the whole world, but this assumes that the \ldblquote world\rdblquote will appropriate this for\- giveness.\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 6\expndtw0 4\f1 \f0 1\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0\f0 J\fs14 O\expndtw-2 H\expndtw0 N\f1 \par \fs18 The\expndtw13 \expndtw0 final\expndtw11 \expndtw0 verse\expndtw11 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 section\expndtw13 \expndtw0 makes\expndtw10 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 further\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statement\expndtw11 \expndtw0 about\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 role\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Christ in\expndtw11 \expndtw0 relation\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 believers\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 indeed,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 entire\expndtw11 \expndtw0 world.\expndtw12 \expndtw0 It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 on\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 basis\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 what\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 de\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- scribed\expndtw17 \expndtw0 here\expndtw17 \expndtw0 that\expndtw17 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw16 \expndtw0 can\expndtw16 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 t\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0 advocate\expndtw17 \expndtw0 for\expndtw17 \expndtw0 believers\expndtw17 \expndtw0 before\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ath\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 r\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 heaven\expndtw16 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 plead their\expndtw17 \expndtw0 case\expndtw15 \expndtw0 when\expndtw14 \expndtw0 they\expndtw17 \expndtw0 do\expndtw14 \expndtw0 sin.\expndtw16 \expndtw0 On\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 basis\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 what\expndtw17 \expndtw0 he\expndtw15 \expndtw0 has\expndtw14 \expndtw0 done,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 his\expndtw17 \expndtw0 finished\expndtw14 \expndtw0 work\expndtw17 \expndtw0 on\expndtw14 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 cross, their sins are forgiv\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 n.\par \b\i\fs20 Ex\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 get\expndtw-3 i\expndtw0 ca\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 D\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 tai\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 s\b0\i0\par \b\fs18 The\expndtw17 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw16 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw-2\b0\f2 i\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 mo\expndtw0 "\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 J\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 lasmo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw17 \expndtw0\ldblquote atoning\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sa\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 rifice\rdblquote )\expndtw17 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 2:2.\expndtw18 \expndtw0\b0 A\expndtw17 \expndtw0 suitable\expndtw17 \expndtw0 English translation\expndtw11 \expndtw0 for\expndtw9 \expndtw0 this\expndtw11 \expndtw0 word\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 difficult\expndtw9 \expndtw0 and\expndtw11 \expndtw0 even\expndtw8 \expndtw0 controversial\expndtw9 \expndtw0 problem.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 L.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Morris,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 in\expndtw9 \expndtw0 a\expndtw11 \expndtw0 study\expndtw9 \expndtw0 that has become central to discussions of this topic, saw as an integral part of the meaning of the word\expndtw7 \expndtw0 (as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 other\expndtw7 \expndtw0 words\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw-2\f2 i\expndtw0 lavskomai\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw0 [\f3 J\expndtw-2 i\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 asko\expndtw-2 m\expndtw0 ai\f1 ]\expndtw5 \expndtw0 group)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 idea\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 turning\expndtw7 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 way\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the divine\expndtw13 \expndtw0 wrath,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 suggested\expndtw11 \expndtw0 that\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote propitiation\rdblquote\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 closest\expndtw11 \expndtw0 English\expndtw13 \expndtw0 equivalent.\up4 \fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0 6 \up0\fs18 It\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 certainly possible\expndtw3 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 see\expndtw3 \expndtw0 an\expndtw3 \expndtw0 averting\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 divine\expndtw3 \expndtw0 wrath\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 this\expndtw3 \expndtw0 cont\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 xt,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 where\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 sins\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 believ\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 rs\expndtw3 \expndtw0 are\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 view and\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw8 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 said\expndtw9 \expndtw0 to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 be\expndtw9 \expndtw0 acting\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw10 \expndtw0 advoc\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 te\expndtw11 \expndtw0 on\expndtw8 \expndtw0 behalf\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 believers.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 R.\expndtw10 \expndtw0 Brown\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\rquote s\exp ndtw11 \expndtw0 point,\expndtw10 \expndtw0 that\expndtw9 \expndtw0 it\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 es\- sentially\expndtw13 \expndtw0 cleansing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 from\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sin\expndtw13 \expndtw0 which\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 view\expndtw13 \expndtw0 here\expndtw13 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nd\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 other\expndtw13 \expndtw0 use\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 word\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 4:10,\expndtw-31 \expndtw0\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 1\expndtw0 7 \up0\fs18 is well\expndtw1 \expndtw0 taken,\expndtw1 \expndtw0 but\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 two\expndtw1 \expndtw0 connotations\expndtw1 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 mutually\expndtw1 \expndtw0 exclusive\expndtw1 \expndtw0 and\expndtw1 \expndtw0 it\expndtw1 \expndtw0 does not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 se\exp ndtw-3 e\expndtw0 m\expndtw1 \expndtw0 that\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 pro\- pitiatory\expndtw3 \expndtw0 aspect\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw3 \expndtw0 work\expndtw3 \expndtw0 should\expndtw3 \expndtw0 be\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ruled\expndtw3 \expndtw0 out\expndtw3 \expndtw0 entirely\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 usage\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 2:2.\expndtw4 \expndtw0 This\expndtw3 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 essentially what\expndtw13 \expndtw0 G.\expndtw12 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 trecker\expndtw13 \expndtw0 has\expndtw10 \expndtw0 argued,\expndtw11 \expndtw0 because\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote it\expndtw13 \expndtw0 a\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 cords\expndtw13 \expndtw0 with\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 preceding\expndtw11 \expndtw0 argumentation,\rdblquote\expndtw12 \expndtw0 espe\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ially the refer\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nce to the blood of Jesus in 1 John 1:7 \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 nd to purification (1:9).\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-4 1\expndtw0 8\up0\par \fs18 In\expndtw21 \expndtw0 terms\expndtw19 \expndtw0 of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 translation,\expndtw20 \expndtw0 the\expndtw19 \expndtw0 traditional\expndtw19 \expndtw0 rendering,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\ldblquote propitiation\rdblquote\expndtw19 \expndtw0 (\fs12 KJ\expndtw-3 V\expndtw0\fs18 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\fs12 N\expndtw-3 K\expndtw0 JV\fs18 ,\expndtw20 \expndtw0\fs12 N\expndtw-3 A\expndtw0 SB\fs18 )\expndtw-2 ,\expndtw0\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 1\expndtw0 9 \up0\fs18 al\- though\expndtw5 \expndtw0 supported\expndtw2 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Morris,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 is\expndtw3 \expndtw0 unfamiliar\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 most\expndtw5 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw3 \expndtw0 readers,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 theologi\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 al\expndtw5 \expndtw0 nuance\expndtw3 \expndtw0 of averting,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 app\exp ndtw-3 e\expndtw0 asing,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 or\expndtw1 \expndtw0 turning\expndtw1 \expndtw0 aside\expndtw1 \expndtw0 divine\expndtw1 \expndtw0 wrath\expndtw1 \expndtw0 is\expndtw1 \expndtw0 lost\expndtw1 \expndtw0 on those\expndtw-2 \expndtw0 who\expndtw1 \expndtw0 are\expndtw1 \expndtw0 not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 biblical\expndtw1 \expndtw0 scholars\expndtw1 \expndtw0 or theologians.\expndtw3 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ome\expndtw3 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw3 \expndtw0 tr\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 nslations\expndtw3 \expndtw0 have\expndtw3 \expndtw0 therefore\expndtw3 \expndtw0 attempted\expndtw2 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 render\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 term\expndtw3 \expndtw0 in\expndtw3 \expndtw0 ways\expndtw2 \expndtw0 more accessible\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 modern\expndtw17 \expndtw0 readers.\expndtw18 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 ometimes\expndtw16 \expndtw0 this\expndtw19 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 done\expndtw19 \expndtw0 because\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ological\expndtw19 \expndtw0 convictions\expndtw17 \expndtw0 about whether\expndtw5 \expndtw0 or\expndtw5 \expndtw0 not\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 notion\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 divine\expndtw5 \expndtw0 wrath\expndtw5 \expndtw0 is\expndtw5 \expndtw0 actually\expndtw5 \expndtw0 implied\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Greek\expndtw5 \expndtw0 term\expndtw19 \expndtw-2\f2 i\expndtw0 la\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0 m\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw7\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 J\expndtw-2 i\expndtw-3 l\expndtw0 as\f4\-\f1 \f3 mo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ).\expndtw2 \expndtw0 In\expndtw1 \expndtw0 other\expndtw1 \expndtw0 instanc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 translators\expndtw1 \expndtw0 would\expndtw1 \expndtw0 agree\expndtw1 \expndtw0 with\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Morris\expndtw1 \expndtw0 about\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 implication\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 app\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 as\- ing\expndtw17 \expndtw0 divine\expndtw15 \expndtw0 wrath\expndtw17 \expndtw0 inher\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 term,\expndtw16 \expndtw0 but\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw17 \expndtw0 still\expndtw15 \expndtw0 sought\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw15 \expndtw0 rendering\expndtw15 \expndtw0 more\expndtw17 \expndtw0 understandable\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to moderns\expndtw7 \expndtw0 than\expndtw5 \expndtw0\ldblquote propitiation.\rdblquote\expndtw6 \expndtw0 The\expndtw9 \expndtw0\fs12 R\expndtw-3 S\expndtw0 V \fs18 (N\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 w\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Testam\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1947)\expndtw7 \expndtw0 translated\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 term\expndtw5 \expndtw0 by\expndtw6 \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 expiation,\rdblquote an English word which Webster\rquote s \i New International Dictionary \i0 defines as \expndtw-3\ldblquote\expndtw0 atonement\rdblquote or \ldblquote means\expndtw6 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 atonement.\expndtw-2\rdblquote\expndtw0\up4\fs7 1\expndtw-2 2\expndtw0 0 \up0\fs18 The\expndtw7 \expndtw0\fs12 NEB \fs18 (New\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Testament,\expndtw6 \expndtw0 1961),\expndtw8 \expndtw0 influenced\expndtw7 \expndtw0 by\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 view\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 C.\expndtw6 \expndtw0 H.\expndtw8 \expndtw0 Dodd that the wrath of God (in the Old Testament) was repl\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 ced by love (in the New Testament), translated\expndtw16 \expndtw-2\f2 i\expndtw0 l\expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s\expndtw-2 mo\expndtw0 "\expndtw18\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 J\expndtw-2 i\expndtw0 lasmo\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1\expndtw16 \expndtw0 John\expndtw16 \expndtw0 2:2\expndtw17 \expndtw0 as\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 remedy\expndtw16 \expndtw0 for\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 defilement\expndtw17 \expndtw0 [of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 our\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sins].\rdblquote The\expndtw3 \expndtw0\fs12 N\expndtw-3 I\expndtw0 V \fs18 (N\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 w\expndtw3 \expndtw0 Testam\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1973),\expndtw2 \expndtw0 taking\expndtw3 \expndtw0 a\expndtw1 \expndtw0 more\expndtw3 \expndtw0 conserv\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tive\expndtw3 \expndtw0 approach\expndtw1 \expndtw0 to\expndtw3 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 wrath\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw3 \expndtw0 God\expndtw1 \expndtw0 direct\- ed at\expndtw21 \expndtw0 sinners,\expndtw22 \expndtw0 translated\expndtw21 \expndtw0 the Greek\expndtw21 \expndtw0 term\expndtw21 \expndtw0\ldblquote atoning sacrific\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ,\rdblquote\expndtw22 \expndtw0 but gives\expndtw20 \expndtw0 in a\expndtw21 \expndtw0 note the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 alternative translation\expndtw13 \expndtw0 for\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 verse,\expndtw11 \expndtw0\ldblquote He\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 turns\expndtw13 \expndtw0 aside\expndtw13 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 wrath,\expndtw12 \expndtw0 taking\expndtw13 \expndtw0 away\expndtw13 \expndtw0 our\expndtw13 \expndtw0 sins\'85.\rdblquote The\expndtw19 \expndtw0\fs12 N\expndtw-2 R\expndtw0 SV \fs18 (1989)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 also\expndtw19 \expndtw0 has\expndtw16 \expndtw0\ldblquote atoning\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sacrifice,\rdblquote\expndtw18 \expndtw0 but\expndtw19 \expndtw0 without\expndtw17 \expndtw0 any\expndtw16 \expndtw0 note.\expndtw17 \expndtw0 The \fs12 NLT \fs18 (1996)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 simply\expndtw17 \expndtw0 has \ldblquote sacrifice.\rdblquote The\expndtw3 \expndtw0 NET\expndtw1 \expndtw0 B\fs12 I\expndtw-2 B\expndtw0 LE \fs18 (New\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Testam\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt,\expndtw2 \expndtw0 1998)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 also\expndtw1 \expndtw0 has \ldblquote atoning\expndtw1 \expndtw0 sa\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 rifice,\rdblquote\expndtw2 \expndtw0 partly\expndtw1 \expndtw0 on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 ba\- sis\expndtw9 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 fact\expndtw7 \expndtw0 that\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Webster\rquote s\expndtw11 \expndtw0\i New\expndtw9 \expndtw0 International\expndtw7 \expndtw0 Dictionary\expndtw9 \expndtw0\i0 gives\expndtw6 \expndtw0\ldblquote atoning\expndtw9 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 crifice\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 as\expndtw6 \expndtw0 a\expndtw7 \expndtw0 defini\- tion\expndtw9 \expndtw0 for\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 term\expndtw9 \expndtw0\ldblquote propitiation.\rdblquote\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 atisfaction\rdblquote\expndtw9 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 also\expndtw9 \expndtw0 noted\expndtw8 \expndtw0 as\expndtw8 \expndtw0 a\expndtw9 \expndtw0 possibility,\expndtw8 \expndtw0 although\expndtw9 \expndtw0 some\expndtw9 \expndtw0 con\-fusion could arise because in Roman Catholic theology, \ldblquote satisfaction\rdblquote is a technical term for the performance of the penance imposed by the priest on a penitant.\par \expndtw-2\f0\fs22 1\expndtw0 :\expndtw-2 5\endash\expndtw0 2\expndtw-2 :\expndtw0 2\f1 \expndtw-2\f0 6\expndtw0 5\f1 \par \b\fs18 The\expndtw15 \expndtw0 mea\expndtw-2 n\expndtw0 ing\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 sm\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw14\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote world\rdblquote )\expndtw15 \expndtw0\b in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 2:2.\expndtw14 \expndtw0\b0 Another\expndtw13 \expndtw0 problem\expndtw15 \expndtw0 is\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ope\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of the\expndtw19 \expndtw0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 sm\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw19\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw19 \expndtw0 for\expndtw17 \expndtw0 which\expndtw18 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw16 \expndtw0 became\expndtw17 \expndtw0 a\expndtw19 \expndtw0 propitiatory\expndtw17 \expndtw0 sacrifice\expndtw17 \expndtw0 in\expndtw19 \expndtw0 2:2.\expndtw18 \expndtw0 If\expndtw17 \expndtw0 we\expndtw19 \expndtw0 turn\expndtw17 \expndtw0 to\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the Gospel\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 examine\expndtw5 \expndtw0 its\expndtw5 \expndtw0 usage\expndtw5 \expndtw0 there,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 we\expndtw5 \expndtw0 find\expndtw5 \expndtw0 both\expndtw5 \expndtw0 positive\expndtw5 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 negative\expndtw5 \expndtw0 st\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 tements\expndtw5 \expndtw0 about the\expndtw13 \expndtw0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 sm\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw13\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ).\expndtw12 \expndtw0 On\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 one\expndtw13 \expndtw0 hand\expndtw11 \expndtw0 it\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw11 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 object\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 God\rquote s\expndtw13 \expndtw0 love\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (John\expndtw13 \expndtw0 3:16)\expndtw11 \expndtw0 and\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote saving\expndtw17 \expndtw0 mission\expndtw17 \expndtw0 (3:17,\expndtw18 \expndtw0 12:46-47).\expndtw16 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw16 \expndtw0 is\expndtw17 \expndtw0 declared\expndtw16 \expndtw0 to\expndtw17 \expndtw0 be\expndtw17 \expndtw0\ldblquote\expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 aviour\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 world\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (\f2 o\f1 \f2 swt\expndtw-3 h\expndtw0 r\f1 \f2 t\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 u\f1 \f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 smo\expndtw-2 u\expndtw0\f1 ,\expndtw14 \expndtw0\f3 Jo\f1 \f3 swt\expndtw-2 h\expndtw0 r\f1 \f3 tou\f1 \f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 ou\f1 )\expndtw13 \expndtw0 by\expndtw14 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 amaritans\expndtw12 \expndtw0 (4:42).\expndtw14 \expndtw0 These\expndtw13 \expndtw0 statements\expndtw15 \expndtw0 are\expndtw13 \expndtw0 echoed\expndtw13 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John 4:14,\expndtw8 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 F\expndtw0 ather\expndtw7 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 nt\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 on\expndtw6 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 be\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw-2 S\expndtw0 aviour\expndtw7 \expndtw0 of\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw7 \expndtw0 world.\rdblquote\expndtw8 \expndtw0 There\expndtw5 \expndtw0 are\expndtw7 \expndtw0 negative\expndtw7 \expndtw0 statements\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw-34 \expndtw0\- wards\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 smo"\expndtw5\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 in\expndtw5 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Gospel\expndtw5 \expndtw0 of\expndtw5 \expndtw0 John\expndtw4 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 well,\expndtw4 \expndtw0 as\expndtw4 \expndtw0 being\expndtw5 \expndtw0 hostile\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 Jesus\expndtw4 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 his\expndtw5 \expndtw0 mis\- sion (John 7:7, 15:18-19, 17:14-16), as failing to re\expndtw-3 c\expndtw0 ognize who Jesus was (1:10, 17:25), \expndtw-2 a\expndtw0 s b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ing overcome by Jesus (16:33), and as being under judgment (9:39, 12:31). These negative state\- ments\expndtw15 \expndtw0 too\expndtw15 \expndtw0 have\expndtw15 \expndtw0 echoes\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw14 \expndtw0 John:\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 whole\expndtw15 \expndtw0 world\expndtw15 \expndtw0 li\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 s\expndtw14 \expndtw0 in\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 power\expndtw15 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Evil\expndtw15 \expndtw0 One\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw15 \expndtw0 John 5:19);\expndtw15 \expndtw0\ldblquote Do\expndtw13 \expndtw0 not\expndtw15 \expndtw0 love\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 world\'85\rdblquote\expndtw13 \expndtw0 (1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 2:15);\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote Everyone\expndtw15 \expndtw0 who\expndtw13 \expndtw0 is\expndtw15 \expndtw0 born\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 God\expndtw13 \expndtw0 overcomes\expndtw12 \expndtw0 the world\'85\rdblquote (1 John 5:4-5); and \ldblquote th\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 y [the oppon\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 nts] are of the world\'85\expndtw-2\rdblquote\expndtw0 (1 John 4:5).\par It\expndtw15 \expndtw0 seems\expndtw13 \expndtw0 clear\expndtw13 \expndtw0 that\expndtw15 \expndtw0 in\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 context\expndtw13 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 1\expndtw13 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 2:2\expndtw13 \expndtw0 the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 reference\expndtw15 \expndtw0 to\expndtw13 \expndtw0\ldblquote the\expndtw13 \expndtw0 world\rdblquote\expndtw15 \expndtw0 falls\expndtw13 \expndtw0 into line with\expndtw21 \expndtw0 statements\expndtw21 \expndtw0 in the\expndtw21 \expndtw0 Gospel of\expndtw21 \expndtw0 John like\expndtw21 \expndtw0 3:16-17 and\expndtw21 \expndtw0 12:46-47.\expndtw22 \expndtw0 There\expndtw21 \expndtw0 is some\expndtw21 \expndtw0 sense in which the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 propitiatory\expndtw1 \expndtw0 work\expndtw1 \expndtw0 of\expndtw1 \expndtw0 Jesus on\expndtw1 \expndtw0 the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 cross\expndtw1 \expndtw0 (the\expndtw1 \expndtw0 substitutionary\expndtw1 \expndtw0 aton\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ment)\expndtw1 \expndtw0 extends not\expndtw1 \expndtw0 just to\expndtw11 \expndtw0 believers\expndtw9 \expndtw0 but\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw9 \expndtw0 entire\expndtw11 \expndtw0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 sm\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 "\expndtw10\f1 \expndtw0 (\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 o\expndtw-2 s\expndtw0\f1 ).\expndtw10 \expndtw0 This\expndtw11 \expndtw0 is\expndtw9 \expndtw0 not\expndtw11 \expndtw0 to\expndtw9 \expndtw0 say\expndtw11 \expndtw0 (and\expndtw8 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 uthor\expndtw11 \expndtw0 of\expndtw9 \expndtw0 the\expndtw11 \expndtw0 Gospel of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 John\expndtw14 \expndtw0 and\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Johannine\expndtw15 \expndtw0 letters\expndtw17 \expndtw0 would\expndtw15 \expndtw0\i never\expndtw16 \expndtw0\i0 have\expndtw15 \expndtw0 said)\expndtw17 \expndtw0 th\expndtw-3 a\expndtw0 t\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw15 \expndtw0 benefit\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw15 \expndtw0 Jesus\rquote\expndtw17 \expndtw0 propitiatory work\expndtw7 \expndtw0 will\expndtw5 \expndtw0 accrue\expndtw5 \expndtw0 to\expndtw7 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 smo"\expndtw6\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 os\f1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 unless\expndtw6 \expndtw0 the\expndtw5 \expndtw0\f2 k\expndtw-2 o\expndtw0 smo"\expndtw7\f1 \expndtw-3 (\expndtw0\f3 kos\expndtw-3 m\expndtw0 os\f1 )\expndtw5 \expndtw0 turns\expndtw7 \expndtw0 to\expndtw5 \expndtw0 him\expndtw7 \expndtw0 and\expndtw5 \expndtw0 accepts the free gift of life whi\expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 h he off\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 rs. But it is\expndtw1 \expndtw0\i offered\i0 to the \expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 ntire world and not to b\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 lievers only. On\expndtw19 \expndtw0 this\expndtw17 \expndtw0 note\expndtw19 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 section\expndtw17 \expndtw0 1:5-2:2\expndtw19 \expndtw0 ends.\expndtw17 \expndtw0 The\expndtw17 \expndtw0 author\expndtw19 \expndtw0 has\expndtw16 \expndtw0 introduced\expndtw16 \expndtw0 three\expndtw19 \expndtw0 sets\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw19 \expndtw0 claims made\expndtw17 \expndtw0 by\expndtw17 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 opponents\expndtw17 \expndtw0 and\expndtw16 \expndtw0 offered\expndtw16 \expndtw0 three\expndtw17 \expndtw0 s\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 ts\expndtw17 \expndtw0 of\expndtw17 \expndtw0 counter-claims\expndtw17 \expndtw0 based\expndtw16 \expndtw0 on\expndtw16 \expndtw0 the\expndtw17 \expndtw0 apostolic\expndtw17 \expndtw0 eyewit\-ness testimony \expndtw-2 c\expndtw0 oncerning th\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 significanc\expndtw-3 e\expndtw0 of the earthly lif\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 and ministry of J\expndtw-2 e\expndtw0 sus Christ.\par _______________________________\par [Footnotes]\par 82 The cognate relationship between the verb and the noun can be seen in English by translating ajggelia (angelia) as \ldblquote announcement\rdblquote (compare to ajnaggevllomen [anangellomen], \ldblquote announce\rdblquote ).\par 83 This corresponds to the apostolic preaching elsewhere referred to as khrugma (khrugma), although the term the Apostle John uses here is ajggelia (angelia).\par 84 BAGD 7 s.v. ajggelia 1.\par 85 The corpus of Johannine writings in the NT is generally understood to include John, 1, 2, and 3 John, and Revelation (although many NT scholars believe Revelation was written by a different individual named John).\par 86 See notes on 1:1.\par 87 Zane C. Hodges, \ldblquote Fellowship and Confession in I John 1:5-10,\rdblquote BSac 129 (1972): 48-60.\par 88 BDF \'a7397(3).\par 89 As Schnackenburg stated, \ldblquote The fellowship with God that the heretical teachers claim (\ldblquote we have\rdblquote ) must be demonstrated to be illusory in character. This is achieved by the metaphor of light. They walk in darkness, with which God has no contact whatever since he is pure light. The author has in mind their moral attitude and their consequent behavior, which is antagonistic to God, a point that comes out more clearly in the fol\- lowing verses (1:8, 10; 2:4, 9)\rdblquote (The Johannine Epistles, 76-77).\par 90 Some interpreters take the statements introduced with ejavn eipwmen (ean eipwmen, \ldblquote if we say\rdblquote ) in 1:6, 8, 10 to be slogans used by the heretical opponents themselves (e.g., Schnackenburg, The Johannine Epistles, 77). Although this would surely have been obvious to the recipients of the letter, it is difficult to prove con \- clusively today.\par 91 BDF \'a7442(1).\par 92 As noted by Strecker in an excursus on the light/darkness imagery (The Johannine Letters, 26-28).\par 93 Brown, The Epistles of John, 199; Smalley, 1, 2, 3 John, 22.\par 94 See the section above where this motif is discussed.\par 95 However, even to frame the question in these terms is to run the risk of misunderstanding the inherent linkage in Johannine theology between initial belief (using terms like \ldblquote believing\rdblquote or \ldblquote coming to Jesus\rdblquote ) and ongoing belief (using figures like \ldblquote eating [Jesus\rquote ] flesh and drinking his blood\rdblquote or \ldblquote residing [abiding] in Je \- sus\rdblquote ). Much of this terminology comes together in the Bread of Life Discourse in John 6, particularly 6:39-58. Compare, e.g., John 6 :40, which speaks of \ldblquote beholding the Son and believing in him,\rdblquote with 6:54, which speaks of \ldblquote eating [his] flesh and drinking [his] blood.\rdblquote The metaphors speak both of internalization and of the need for repeated spiritual sustenance. \par 96 Schnackenburg highlighted the author\rquote s dilemma in these verses as he sought to refute the teaching of the opponents: \ldblquote On the one hand, he insists that fellowship with God means walking in the light, in a pure moral life according to the rule of the supreme and all-holy God. On the other hand, no Christian can claim to be without sin. The solution to the dilemma lies, for the author, in the fact that the Christian is not immune from sin, but that the blood of Jesus Christ cleanses from all sin\rdblquote (The Johannine Epistles, 79).\par 97 BAGD 43 s.v. aJmartia 1.\par 98 See also LN 23.107.\par 99 \ldblquote Libertinism\rdblquote may be defined as a belief system in which sins are flaunted as a way of demonst!rating one\rquote s \ldblquote liberty.\rdblquote\par 100 See the implications of the first of the opponents\rquote claims in 1:6.\par 101 BAGD 665 s.v. planavw 1.b.\par 102 Maximilian Zerwick, Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples (Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1963) 111, \'a7377.\par 103 See paragraphs 12, 13, and 15 of the section \ldblquote The Opponents and Their Teaching in 1 John\rdblquote above.\par 104 Judith M. Lieu, \ldblquote What Was from the Beginning: Scripture and Tradition in the Johannine Epistles,\rdblquote NTS 39 (1993): 458-77.\par 105 Westcott, The Epistles of St. John, 23.\par 106 Schnackenburg stated, \ldblquote The author does not ask his readers to confess their sinfulness in general terms but to confess each specific sin\'85. Personal confession of sin, which was also a part of the Baptist\rquote s preach\- ing by the Jordan (Mark 1:5 = Matt 3:6), is an inheritance from the practice of Judaism\rdblquote ( The Johannine Epistles, 81).\par 107 Cf. Kruse, who st"ates: \ldblquote The only difference between this expression of their claim and the earlier statement of it in 1:8 is that here the author presents what is claimed, not as an ongoing achievement of not sinning as before, but as a condition of not having sinned (indicated by his use of the Greek perfect tense)\rdblquote (The Letters of John, 70).\par 108 Brown, The Epistles of John, 211.\par 109 Compare the relationship between \ldblquote word\rdblquote and \ldblquote truth\rdblquote in John 17:17.\par 110 Brown mentions that the author of 1 John uses the plural of teknion (2:1, 12, 28; 3:7, 18; 4:4; 5:21) or paidion (2:14, 18) when addressing his readers directly, while he uses the plural of a different Greek term, teknon (3:1, 2, 10; 5:2), when speaking about the children of God (The Epistles of John, 214). This may be merely a stylistic variation, as Kruse notes (The Letters of John, 71, n. 31). Schnackenburg also considers the term \ldblquote need not imply any particular tenderness\rdblquote (Th#e Johannine Epistles, 85, n. 61).\par 111 Frank Stagg, \ldblquote Orthodoxy and Orthopraxy in the Johannine Epistles,\rdblquote Review and Expositor 67 (1970): 423-32, in particular p. 428.\par 112 Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 557.\par 113 Zerwick, Biblical Greek, 82, \'a7251; J. H. Moulton, Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. 3: Syntax, by Nigel Turner (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1963) 72.\par 114 For a different view, however, see Schnackenburg, who stated, \ldblquote Jesus is the advocate with the Father for Christians when they sin, for he is close by him (\ldblquote with the Father\rdblquote ). It does not say that it is his task to de\- fend them against the accusations of Satan (cf. Rev. 12:10). The forensic meaning of \ldblquote paraclete\rdblquote is here over\- shadowed by Christ\rquote s high-priestly role. This is made plain not only by the high-priestly prayer (John 17) but also by the cultic terminology that is used in the following verse\rdblquote (The Johannine Epistles, 86-87).\par 115 Kenneth Grayston, \ldblquote The Meaning of Paraklhtos,\rdblquote JSNT 13 (1981): 67-82.\par 116 Leon Morris, The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1955) 140; see also David Hill, Greek Words and Hebrew Meanings: Studies in the Semantics of Soteriological Terms (Cam\- bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 37-38; T. C. G. Thornton, \ldblquote Propitiation or Expiation? I\- lasthrion and JIlasmov" in Romans and 1 John,\rdblquote ExpTim 80 (1968/69): 53-55.\par 117 Brown, The Epistles of John, 220-21.\par 118 Strecker, The Johannine Letters, 39, n. 17.\par 119 NASB (both original edition and 1995 update) suggests in a note the alternative rendering \ldblquote satisfaction.\rdblquote\par 120 The cognate English verb \ldblquote expiate\rdblquote is defined by Webster\rquote s as \ldblquote to atone for and wipe out the guilt of sin or wrongdoing.\rdblquote\par \par } ÔÔŒël7™×105 1 John 1:5-2:2 p52{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\deff0{\fonttbl{\f0\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial;}{\f1\froman\fcharset0 Times New Roman;}{\f2\fswiss\fcharset0 Greek;}{\f3\fswiss\fcharset0 Greektl;}{\f4\fswiss\fcharset0 Arial Unicode MS;}{\f5\fnil\fcharset0 Arial;}} {\*\generator Riched20 5.40.11V