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"!#"$#%$&%'&(')(*)+*,+-,.-/.0/102132435465768795:5;5<5=5>5?5@5A5B5 C5 D5 E5 F5 G5H5I5J5K5L5M5N5O5P5Q5R5S5T5U5V5W5X5Y5 Z5![5"\5#]5$^5%_5&`5'a5(b5)c5*d5+e5,f5-g5.h5/i50j51k52l53m54n55o56p@q@r@s@t@u@v@w@x@y@ z@ {@ |@ }@ ~@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ @!@"@#@$@%@&@'@(@)@*@+@,@-@.@/@0@1@2@3@4@5PPPPPPPPPP P P P P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP P!P"P#P$P%P&P'P(P)P*P+P,P-P.P/P0P1P2P3P4P5cccccccccc c c c c ccccccccccccccccccc c!c#c#@@ @!@"@#@$@%@&@'@(@)@*@+@,@-@.@/@0@1@2@3@4@5PPPPPPPPPP P P P P PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP P!P"Jifdhfirh5Hvf`hxmm@-`ddfu`pw`pwfmrsf`sf`vs`vva`arrpa`dhfu a`w af`u aff affwmf afiforwiajwwfupam`blzxmwxufar`uaxblaxgg`mraxmmaxmmrblaxvw`udb`mgb`ofmb`plfu{ruob`wb`wfusjmm`ub`wwmfbi`ofmfrpbi`orjvbijblfpbrau` brbl!brbl`wujbf"brpf}#bruoru`pw$br{%bu`pf&bujblfw(burbrdjmf'bur{)bxblrr*bxblr{+dffu,drh-drplf}.drzf/du`hrp0durofd`u}1f`hmf2f`hmfr{m3fmfsi`pw4f{f5g`mbrp6g`mmr{dffu7g`{p5gfuufw5gjvi5gjvifur{m5gmf`5gm}5gr{m5gr|5gurh5h`~fmmf5 hfblr5 hjfuf`hmf5 hmfdf5 hp`w5 hr`w5hrrvf5hu`vvirssfu5huf`wmj~`ud5huf`wr{m5huf}irxpd5hujggrp5huxa5i`uf5i`{l5ifdhfirh5ifjgfu5ifp5ifurp5ijpd5ijssrsrw`oxv5irrsrf5irupfdr{m5irupfw5 iruvf5!iruvfmf`bi5"irxpd5#i}fp`5$jaf|5%k`bl`m5&k`bld`{5'kfuar`5(l`w}djd5)ljd5*ljpf5+ljwf5,m`oa5-m`s{jph5.mffbi5/mfrs`ud50mfzj`wi`p51mjbf52mjrp53mjwwmfr{m54mj~`ud55mrbxvw56o`hhrw@o`uf@ormf@ormfu`w@orpjwrumj~`ud@orplf}@orwi@orxpw`jpviffs@orxvf@oxmf@ pjhiwbuf`wxuf@ pjhiwi`{l@ rp`hfu@ ru}|@ rvsuf}@rvvjgu`hf@rvwujbi@r{m@r|@s`mofu{ruo@s`pwifu@s`uwujdhf@sf`brbl@sfmjb`p@sjh@sjhfrp@srubxsjpf@srusrjvf@s}h`uh@tx`jm@u`aajw@u`o@u`w@ u`zfp@!urbla`dhfu@"urblhr`w@#urbli}u`|@$urfaxbl@%v`pdgm}@&v`pdmj~`ud@'v`pdzjsfu@(v`w}u@)vbrusjrp@*vbuffbir{m@+vf`br{@,vf`hxmm@-q}NPlants and Animals of the Bible (DCox)P&ADictionary module created by David Cox. This work is anonymous. www.davidcox.com.mx}*'8mO6v]A#e?j;h=nI-Z?Comments8Fallow Deer See Deer &7Falcon@> 6Ewe See Sheep 5Elephantg@= 4Eagle Owl See Owl #3EagleO< 2Dromedary See Camel#1Dragon@; 0Dove: /Donkey@9 .Dog2@8-Deer@7 ,Cuckow See Cuckoo! +CuckooL@6 *Crow See Raven )Cricket See Beetle $ (Crocodile&@4'Crane@3 &Cow See Cattle%Cormoranta@2$ConeySee Rock Badger% #Cockatrice See Snake &"Cock See Fowl  !Cobra See Snake !  Chicken See Fowl " ChamoisW@1 Chameleon See Lizard$Cattle / CaterpillarSee Moth, Worm*CatU@.CankerwormSee Worm#Camel* , Calf See Cattle ! Bustard See Vulture % Bullock See Cattle $ Bull See Cattle ! Buffalo See Cattle $ Buck See Deer  Boar See Swine Black Vulture See Osprey *Bittern@+ Behemoth@ Beetle@  Bee@* BearG@)  Bat.@$ Badger@  BaboonSee Ape AssSee also Donkey %Asp See Snake Ape@Antelope3@# Ant@Adder see Snake ! AddaxSee Antelope $ _Animals of the Bible&HJ @ @ @ @ @ @@  @  @@@@@@ ifjgfu5ifomrblcifp5ifpp`c ifurp5ijpd5ijssrsrw`oxv5irrsrf5irupfdr{m5irupfw5 iruvf5!iruvfmf`bi5"irxpd5#i}fp`5$i}vvrsc!jaf|5%jmf|c#k`bl`m5&k`bld`{5'kfuar`5(kxpjsfuc$l`w}djd5)ljd5*ljpf5+ljwf5,m`oa5-m`s{jph5.m`xufmc%mffbi5/mfflc&mfpwjmc'mfrs`ud50mfzj`wi`p51mjbf52mjhp`mrfc(mjm}c)mjrp53mjwwmfr{m54mj~`ud55mrbxvw56mrwxvc*o`hhrw@o`mmr{c+o`pdu`lfc,o`uf@o`ukru`oc-ofmrpc.ojmmfwc/ojpwc0ormf@ormfu`w@orpjwrumj~`ud@orplf}@orwi@orxpw`jpviffs@orxvf@oxmafuu}c1oxmf@ oxvw`udc2o}uuic3o}uwmfc4p`udc5pfwwmfc6pjhiwbuf`wxuf@ pjhiwi`{l@ r`lc7rjmwuffc8rmjzfc9rp`hfu@ rpjrpc:rp}bi`c;ru}|@ rvsuf}@rvvjgu`hf@rvwujbi@r{m@r|@s`mocFly@B=Flea@A <Fisher Owl See Cormorant(;FishW@? :Ferret See Lizard # 9Fawn See Deer  LVALCuckoo. Cuckoos are insect-eating migratory birds that appear in Israel during the summer. Scholars feel that the Hebrew word was incorrectly rendered cuckow in the KJV. There is no obvious reason why the cuckoo would be considered an unclean bird ({\cf11\ul Lev_11:16}; {\cf11\ul Deu_14:15}). The NKJV translates "seagull."\par\par@LVALLDeer. From early times, deer were game animals. Isaac's son Esau was "a skillful hunter" ({\cf11\ul Gen_25:27}). And it was Isaac's craving for deer meat that enabled Jacob to steal his dying father's blessing (Gen. 27). Deer were still plentiful in Palestine in Solomon's day and were served at his table ({\cf11\ul 1Ki_4:23}). Jews could eat deer because this animal "chews the cud" and "divides the hoof." (A deer track perfectly illustrates a "divided hoof.")\par\par The Bible contains many references to deer. The animal was admired for its agility and grace, its ability to sense danger quickly, and its swiftness. Biblical writers also noted the doe's gentle care of her young. A young deer is called a fawn ({\cf11\ul Son_4:5}; {\cf11\ul Son_7:3}). The psalmist thought of the long journey for water that a deer faces in dry seasons and exclaimed: "As the deer pants for the water brooks, so pants my soul for You, O God" ({\cf11\ul Psa_42:1}). Isaiah wrote of the feelings of joy and elation when he wrote, "the lame shall leap like a deer" ({\cf11\ul Psa_35:6}).\par\par Scholars are not sure of the precise species or kind of deer Esau hunted or Solomon served. The terms stag or buck (male), hart (male), and hind (female) are used of the red deer common in Europe, which has never lived in Palestine. Likely candidates are the fallow deer ({\cf11\ul Deu_14:5}), (KJV), which was common in Mesopotamia, and the roe deer, often called by its male name, roe buck ({\cf11\ul Deu_14:5}), (RSV). Bible translators often interchanged terms for various kinds of deer, and for gazelle as well; so readers must settle for informed guesses about the exact species intended. Also see Antelope, Gazelle.\par\par LVALDog. In ancient Israel, the dog was not "man's best friend." In fact, calling someone a dog was one of the most offensive ways of insulting that person. The Bible mentions dogs frequently; most of the references are derogatory. Even in New Testament times, Jews called Gentiles "dogs" ({\cf11\ul Mat_15:26}). The term "dog" also referred to a male prostitute ({\cf11\ul Deu_23:18}). Unbelievers who were shut out of the New Jerusalem were also termed "dogs" ({\cf11\ul Rev_22:15})-- probably a reference to their sexual immorality. Moslems later applied the insult to Christians.\par\par The dog may have been the first animal in the ancient world to be tamed. Ancient Egyptians raced greyhounds, mentioned by Solomon in his Proverbs ({\cf11\ul Pro_30:31}), (NKJV), and the Greeks raised mastiffs. But dogs in Palestine were more wild than tame. They often banded together in packs and lived off the refuse and food supplies of a village. Some dogs were useful as watchdogs or guardians of sheep, but even they were not altogether reliable ({\cf11\ul Isa_56:10}).\par\par LVAL!Donkey. One of the first animals tamed by man, the donkey was a necessity in Bible times. It is mentioned frequently in the Bible. Wild donkeys (referred to as the onager in ({\cf11\ul Job_39:5}), NKJV) also roamed the land. "Like a wild donkey" ({\cf11\ul Hos_8:9}) described a headstrong, untamed nature. But the domesticated donkey was an obedient servant.\par\par Donkeys stand about 1. 3 meters (4 feet) high. They are usually gray, reddish-brown, or white. The long-suffering donkey often won the affection of the household and was decorated with beads and bright ribbons. But his true role was to serve as a work animal. He trampled seed, turned the millstone to grind grain, and pulled the plow.\par\par Donkey caravans were the freight trains and transport trucks of ancient times. These animals could carry great weight in spite of their small size. Since they required only a fraction as much fodder as a horse, they were more economical to own. The donkey was also a safe and comfortable animal to ride. They were ridden by rich and poor alike. When Jesus entered Jerusalem, he signaled his peaceful intentions by riding a young donkey rather than a prancing war-horse.\par\par The offspring of a male donkey (jack) and female horse (mare) was a mule. The mule had the surefootedness and endurance of the donkey, coupled with the greater size and strength of the horse.\par\par Crossbreeding like this was outlawed among the Jewish people ({\cf11\ul Lev_19:19}), but from David's time mules were imported and increasingly used by the Israelites ({\cf11\ul 2Sa_18:9}; {\cf11\ul 1Ki_1:33}; {\cf11\ul 1Ki_18:5}). ({\cf11\ul Ezr_2:66}) records that the Israelites brought 245 mules with them when they returned from captivity in Babylon.\par\par LVAL Dove. Doves and pigeons belong to the same family. They are often mentioned in the Bible as if they are the same animal. The rock dove found in Palestine is the wild ancestor of our common street pigeon. Turtledoves are migrants. They spend the months of April to October in the Holy Land, filling the air with soft cooing when they arrive each Spring ({\cf11\ul Son_2:11-12}). \par\par Doves come in several colors, from pure white to the chestnut-colored palm turtledove. Even the plain gray pigeon has a silver sheen. Solomon waxed poetic over doves' eyes. David longed for "wings like a dove" ({\cf11\ul Psa_55:6}), so he could fly away from his enemies.\par\par Pigeons were probably the first domesticated bird. When people realized doves could travel long distances and always find their way home, they used them to carry messages. Homing pigeons have keen eyes with which they spot landmarks to help them stay on the right route.\par\par Hebrews ate pigeons and, from Abraham's time, used them in sacrifice. Even a poor man could provide a pigeon or two for worship, as Joseph and Mary did at Jesus' circumcision ({\cf11\ul Luk_2:21-24}; {\cf11\ul Lev_12:8}).\par\par Doves appear to express affection, stroking each other, and "billing and cooing." They mate for life, sharing nesting and parenting duties. They are gentle birds that never resist attack or retaliate against their enemies. Even when her young are attacked, a dove will give only a pitiful call of distress.\par\par Because of its innocence and gentle nature, the dove is a common religious symbol. The Holy Spirit took the form of a dove at Jesus' baptism ({\cf11\ul Mat_3:16}; {\cf11\ul Mar_1:10}; {\cf11\ul Luk_3:22}). The dove also symbolizes peace, love, forgiveness, and the church.\par\par LVALDragon. Dragons are imaginary beasts with a long history in the folklore of many cultures. Usually the dragon is a crafty creature that represents evil. The word dragon, as used in some translations of the Bible, is often confusing. Occasionally this word is used when the intended meaning was probably jackal ({\cf11\ul Lam_4:3}), (RSV), sea serpent or serpent ({\cf11\ul Psa_91:13}), (RSV), or even crocodile ({\cf11\ul Eze_29:3-4}).\par\par This huge, fire-breathing monster with terrifying wings and claws is a symbol of Satan ({\cf11\ul Rev_12:3-17}; {\cf11\ul Rev_16:13}; {\cf11\ul Rev_20:2}). In the church of early Christian history, dragons represented sin. Christian art often depicts a dragon at the feet of Jesus-- to show His triumph over sin.\par\par LVALEagle. Eagles are included among the unclean birds mentioned in the Bible ({\cf11\ul Lev_11:13}), (NKJV), but they were admired as majestic birds. The golden eagle, which is really dark brown with sprinkles of gold, has a 26-meter (8-feet) wingspread. It nests in high places that are inaccessible ({\cf11\ul Jer_49:16}). There, in a nest which the eagle makes larger each year, the eagle hatches two eggs. Usually only one eaglet survives to adulthood.\par\par An eagle has keen eyesight. He can spot his prey while soaring hundreds of feet in the air. Like a lightning bolt, he drops to seize it, killing it quickly with his powerful claws. Then he swoops back to his nest to rip the meat apart and share it with his young.\par\par A mother eagle carries her eaglet on her back until it masters the art of flying. Moses used this familiar picture from nature to describe God's care for His people. God stirred up Jacob (the nation of Israel), and carried His people on His wings ({\cf11\ul Deu_32:11-12}) as He delivered them from slavery in Egypt. \par\par Solomon marveled at "the way of an eagle in the air" ({\cf11\ul Pro_30:19}). An eagle can stay aloft for hours, rarely moving his wings and riding wind currents. But many passages in the Bible also speak of the swiftness of the eagle's flight (Deu_28:49). \par\par The belief that an eagle renews its strength and youthful appearance after shedding its feathers gave rise to ({\cf11\ul Psa_103:5}) and ({\cf11\ul Isa_40:31}). Eagles do have a long life-span, living 20 to 30 years in the wild, and longer in captivity. \par\par In the Old Testament, prophets spoke of the eagle as a symbol of God's judgment ({\cf11\ul Jer_48:40}; {\cf11\ul Eze_17:3}; {\cf11\ul Eze_17:7}). In ({\cf11\ul Rev_12:14}), "two wings of a great eagle" portray God's intervention to deliver His people from persecution.\par\par LVALElephant. No elephants lived in Palestine. But they were native to the neighboring continents of Africa and Asia. Wealthy Jews sometimes imported the ivory which came from their great tusks. King Solomon "made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with pure gold" ({\cf11\ul 1Ki_10:18}). And King Ahab built an "ivory house" ({\cf11\ul 1Ki_22:39}).\par\parPLVAL\Falcon. In some translations of the Bible the falcon appears in the lists of unclean birds ({\cf11\ul Lev_11:14}; {\cf11\ul Deu_14:13}), (NKJV). As a bird of prey, it is often grouped with hawks. But a falcon is not a true hawk. The sport of hunting with trained falcons originated in ancient Persia. Great numbers of falcons are still seen in Palestine, as they surely were in Bible times ({\cf11\ul Job_28:7}).\par\parLVALFish. According to one authority, 45 species of fish are found in the inland waters of Palestine. Many more live in the Mediterranean Sea. But the Bible gives no details on any specific species of fish.\par\par Fish, just like other animals, were divided into clean and unclean categories. Fish with fins and scales were considered clean, and they made a popular Sabbath meal. Unclean fish included catfish, eels, and probably sharks and lampreys, as well as shellfish. The Hebrews also considered whales and porpoises as fish, since they lived in the sea.\par\par Fishing was a major industry among the Jewish people. Jerusalem had a Fish Gate, and presumably a fish market. Fish were caught with nets ({\cf11\ul Hab_1:15}), hooks ({\cf11\ul Isa_19:8}; {\cf11\ul Mat_17:27}), and harpoons and spears ({\cf11\ul Job_41:7}). The catch was preserved by salting and drying or storing in salt water.\par\par The Bible contains many references to fish and fishing. ({\cf11\ul Hab_1:14-17}) com